

I LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 



83 



AHN'S 



MANUAL OF 




B) 



With References t< 



AHN'S COMPLETE LATIN SYNTAX. 



BY 



Dr. P. HENN. 



NEW YORK: 



E. S T E I G E R & C 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Shelf. "P A % 



Mil ^*^ 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



■ 



' 



Steiger's Latin Series 



/ 

AHN'S 

w 

MANUAL OF 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 

With References to 

AHN'S COMPLETE LATIN SYNTAX. 



BY 



Dr. P. HENN. 




NEW YORK: 

E. STEIGER & CO. 

1883, 



t 






• h. 



REQUEST. 



The undersigned, in their efforts to secure the greatest 
possible correctness in their educational publications, will feel 
obliged for the suggestion of improvements in this volume. 

JE. Steiger & Co., Publishers. 



Copyright, 1883, by E. Steiger & Co. 



Press of 



PREFACE. 



In preparing the present volume it has been the author's aim 
to furnish a Complete Course of Exercises illustrative of aU the 
important rules aud principles of Latin Syntax. In order to make 
the pupil acquainted with the purest classical language, the words 
and sentences are taken chiefly from the writings of Caesar 
and Cicero, the written exercises being introduced by model 
sentences to be learned by heart, and accompanied with references 
to AHN-HENN'S Complete Latin Syntax. The Vocabulary 
will be found to contain every word and idiom in the text. 



in 



TABLE of CONTENTS. 



PAET I. — SYNTAXIS CONVENIENTIAE. 

1. Subject and Predicate Page 1 

2. Copulative Verbs 1 

3. Two or more Subjects 2 

4. Attribute and Apposition 3 

5. Appositive and Attributive Adjectives 3 

6. Agreement of Pronouns 4 

PAET II. — CONSTRUCTION OF CASES. 

7. Subjective and Objective Genitive 5 

8. 9. Genitive of Quality 5 

10. 11. Partitive Genitive 6 

12. Genitive with Adjectives and Participles 8 

13. Genitive with Verbs of Reminding 8 

14. Genitive with Verbs of Valuing 9 

15. Genitive with Verbs of Accusing 10 

16. Genitive with esse & fieri 10 

17. Genitive with Impersonals 11 

18. Genitive with interest 12 

19. Accusative with Transitives, Intransitives and Com- 

pounds 12 

20. Accusative with Impersonals; in Exclamations 13 

21. Accusative with Verbs of Naming 14 

22. Accusative with Verbs of Teaching 14 

23. Accusative with Verbs of Asking 15 

24. Dative. Indirect Object With Intransitives 16 

25. Dative with Adjectives 16 

26. Ethical Dative. Dative of Advantage 17 

27. Dative or Accusative. With Compounds 18 

28. Dative of Possession. With Verbs of Giving and 

Putting 18 

29. Dative with Gerund. Two Datives 19 

30. 31. Ablative of Cause 20 

32. Ablative of Means or Instrument 21 

33. Ablative of Limitation 23 



— VI — 

34. Ablative of Manner Page 22 

35. Ablative of Measure and Comparison 23 

36. Ablative of Price 24 

37. Ablative of Separation 24 

38. Ablative of Plenty and Want 25 

39. Ablative with opus est 26 

40. Ablative with Adjectives and Deponents 27 

41-43. Uses of Prepositions. — Accusative 27 

44. 45. Propositions with the Ablative 29 

46. 47. Prepositions with the Accusative and Ablative 31 

48. Place. Names of Towns 32 

49. Apposition with Names of Towns, donms and rus ... 33 

50. Ablative and Accusative of Place : 33 

51. Extent of Space 34 

52. Time when ? how long ? 35 

53. Distance of Time 35 

54. Special Uses of Adjectives 36 

55. Special Uses of Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns 37 

56. Special Uses of Determinative Pronouns 37 

57. Special Uses of Relative Pronouns 38 

58. Special Uses of Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns 39 

PART III. — SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 

59. Tenses. Present and Perfect 40 

60. Imperfect, Pluperfect, Future. Periphrastic Conju- 

gation 40 

61. Tenses of the Indicative 41 

62. Sequence of Tenses 42 

63. Indicative Mood 43 

64. Subjunctive Mood 44 

65. Consecutive Conjunctions 44 

66. Final Conjunctions 45 

67. Verbs of Hindering and Fearing 46 

68. Subjunctive after quo, quin 47 

69. Temporal Conjunctions 47 

70. Causal Conjunctions 48 

71. Conditional Sentences 49 

72. Concessive Conjunctions »« 50 

73. Comparative Conjunctions 50 

74. 75. Relative Clauses with the Subjunctive 51 

76. Imperative 53 

77. Infinitive ,. 53 



— YII — 

78. 79. Accusative with the Infinitive (Subject) Page 54 

80. Accusative with the Infinitive (Object) 56 

81. Infinitives after Verbs of Declaring and Perceiving . . 56 

82. Accusative with the Infinitive after Verbs of Will and 

Desire 57 

83. Nominative with Infinitive 58 

84. Interrogative Sentences (Simple Questions) 59 

85. Interrogative Sentences (Disjunctive Questions) 60 

86. 87. Indirect Questions 60 

88. 89. Oratio recta 62 

90. Oratio obllqua 63 

91. Oratio obllqua into Oratio recta 64 

92. Oratio recta into Oratio obllqua 65 

93. Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns 67 

94-96. Participial Sentences 67 

97. 98. Ablative Absolute 70 

99. Ablative Absolute with Nouns 71 

100. Genitive of Gerunds and Gerundives 72 

101. Dative and Accusative of Gerunds and Gerundives . . 73 
102. 103. Ablative of Gerunds and Gerundives 74 

104. Passive Periphrastic Conjugation. Gerundive as Pre- 

dicate Accusative 76 

105. Supines 76 

106. Copulative Conjunctions 77 

107. Disjunctive Conjunctions 78 

108. Adversative Conjunctions 79 

109. Causal and Illative Conjunctions 79 

110. Copulative Correspondents 80 

111. Disjunctive Correspondents 81 

Vocabulary: English and Latin 83 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 



PART I. — Syntaxis Convenientiae. 
Subject. Predicate. 

Syntax i — 9*). 

Ego valeo, si vos valetis. Columbae sunt timidae. Vita rustica 
parsimonlae magistra est. Athenae omnium artlum domicilium 
luerunt. Paupertas mihi onus visum est. 

1. Time past never returns. Familiar 1 things easily slip 3 
from 3 memory. I am nearest to myself. Sleep is the image 
of death. True friendships are eternal. Men neither wonder 
at, nor inquire into 4 , the reasons of those things which they 
always see. Conscience is the most severe judge of our 
actions. Laws are the best protectors 5 of citizens. Rome was 
the conqueror 6 of all the nations of Italy. Experience is the 
best teacher; time, too, is the teacher of many things. Fear 
is a bad protector 7 . The moon is a constant 8 attendant 9 of our 
earth. The lion is the king of quadrupeds, the eagle is the 
king of birds. Want 10 is the bitterest 11 enemy 12 of virtue. The 
elephant is the largest of land animals. 

1 usitStiis, -a, -iim 2 elabSr, -i 3 e, ex 4 requirS, -SrS 5 patron"iis, -i; 
patrons!, -ae 6 victox% -oris; victrix, -icis 7 custos, -odis 8 perpe- 
tuiis, -a, -jxxn. 9 satell«$s, -Itls 10 inopia, -ae n acer, -ris, -r§ ^ad- 
versaries, -I: adversaria, -ae 

Copulative Verbs. 
Syntax io. 
Pietas erga parentes jure summa virtus habetur. Doctus nemo 
sine litteris exsistit. Nemo mortalis usque ad mortem beatus man- 
sit. Homines cupiditate et avaritia caeci fiunt. Veteres Romani 
latrones et semibarbari putabantur. 

2. The planet Venus 1 is called the morning star when it 
precedes 2 the sun, but the evening star when it follows 3 the 

*) These references are to paragraphs of AHN-HENN'S Complete Latin 
Syntax, 



— 2 — 

sun 4 . The motions 5 of the sta^s are wonderful, especially of 
those which are called wandering stars 4 . Not in the same 
way 6 do all become good and wise. The sun seems smaller to 
us than it is. Some dreams turn out true. Charles the Fifth 
was crowned emperor on his birthday 7 . Comets were formerly 
believed to be 4 the precursors 8 of great calamities. Camillus 
who had delivered Rome from 9 the Gauls, was called a second 10 
Romulus. Dareus, son of Hystaspes, was made king of the 
Persians by the neighing 6 of (his) horse. The camel is rightly 
considered 11 the most useful animal of the East. No one is 
born rich, and no one dies so 12 poor as 12 he was born. Those 
are regarded 13 as good citizens who for the safety of their 
country avoid no danger. 

1 stella Veneris 2 antegrgdl<5i*, -x SsubsSquSr, ~i 4 not to be translated 
5 motHs, -Us 6 Abl. without Prepos. 7 dies natalis, Abl. *praenunt1\is, -1 9 a, 
&b 10 alter n judIco, -ar6 12 tam..quam 13 existimo, -arS 

Two or more Subjects. 
Syntax 11 — 16. 
Beneficium et gratia homines inter se conjungunt. Senatus po- 
pulusque Romanus intellegit bello opus esse. Cingetorigi princi- 
pals atque imperium traditum est. Corinthus et Carthago a 
Romanis dirutae sunt. Tu et pater in convlvis eratis. 

3. Without government 1 neither any house nor state nor 
nation nor the human race 2 at large 3 can stand. The \$all and 
the gate of the city had been struck 4 by lightning 5 . Prosperity, 
honors, victories are accidental things 6 . You and your brother 
wrote letters to me. My father, my brother and I have borne 
arms for our country. Pride and folly are often united 7 . If 
you and your brother shall be at home, my father and I will 
also 8 come. The beginning and the end are often very different. 
Pain, fear, labor, old age are troublesome to most 9 men. 
Neither my father nor I have read this book. But 10 if you and 
your father have not read it 6 , who has read it 6 ? The walls 
and gates of the captured city were destroyed by the enemies. 
My friend's father and mother died within 11 a few days. 

1 impM\im, -1 2 homInum gen\is, -Sris 3 untverstis, -&,, -iirn 4 tango» 
-SrS 6 Abl. without Prepos. 6 not to be translated 7 conjung<S, -&re *e\Iara 
Bplenque* 10 St "intra 

lip*- 



— s — 

Attribute and Apposition. 
Syntax 17—20. 

Christiani colunt verum Deum, omnipoteritem creatorem caeli et 
terrae. Romani cum Tigrane, Armeniorum rege, grave bellum 
gessSrunt. Aegyptii canem et felem ut deos colunt. Tulliae mo- 
riendum fait, quia homo nata erat. Hercules j uveitis leonem inter- 
fecit. 

4. Manlius slew 1 his own son, although victorious, be- 
cause he had fought contrary to 2 orders 3 . Pythagoras recom- 
mended to all frugality, the mother* of all virtues. Entire 5 
dominion 6 over the sea 7 was given to Neptune, one of the two 
brothers of Jupiter. Ennius endured 8 two burdens which are 
considered the greatest, poverty and old age. Two very 
powerful cities, Carthage and Numantia,were destroyed by the 
same Scipio. Mummias, a Roman general, destroyed Corinth, 
the wealthiest city of Greece. The augur Attius Navius, when 
a boy, on account oi 9 poverty was a keeper 10 of swine. In our 
boyhood we read the lives of Nepos. The use of gold and 
-silver as 11 the material 12 of all crimes was abolished 13 by Ly- 
curgus. 

ioccldo, -Sr§ 2 contra 3 imperiiiiix, -I 4 genetrtxi, -ids Somnls, -<5 
6 regn\im., -i 7 maritimiis, -a, -tiro. 8 fero, fene propter 10 pasco, -e\i?e\ 
to be a keeper of ll tanquam 12 materies, -el 13 tollo, -ere 

Appositive and Attributive Adjectives. 

Syntax 21. 22. 

Themistocles totum se dedldit reipubltcae. Argonautae primi 

in Pontum Euxlnum intraverunt. Invldi virtutem et bonum alien 11 m 

oderunt. Camillus absens dictator dictus est. Augustus senatOram 

numerum ad modum pristinum et splendorem redegit. 

5. The elephant has a big head, long ears, thick legs, 
two long tusks 1 , a thin tail. His whole body is huge 2 , but his 
eyes are small and his throat 3 is narrow; he is a very sagacious 4 
animal. Achilles slew Hector 5 , the son of king Priam (and) 
the bravest of the Trojans. Aeneas was the only one that 
escaped 6 the dangers of war. Few receive death in cheer- 
ful mood 7 . Spain was the last of the provinces that was 



_ 4 

subjugated 8 . Prudence is not to be expected 9 from a man 
who is never sober 10 . Death is shameful in flight, glorious in 
victory. I received many letters from my brother all written 
with great care. All lands and all seas submit 11 to the 
service 12 of men. 

Mens, -tis 2 ingens, -tls 3 fauces, -liim 4 prudens, -'tis fi HectSr, 
-oris, Ace. Hectora 6 effugio, -Sx»<5 7 hilaris, -&, in cheerful nwod 8 per- 
domo, -ar§ 9 postulandtls, -a, -iim 10 sobi°rtis, -&, -xixri, who is, not to 
be translated n par^o, -er<5 12 utilita,s, -litis 



Agreement of Pronouns. 
Syntax 23—25. 

Est Deus, qui omnem hunc mundum regit. ArbSres serit agri- 
cola, quarum fructus ipse numquam adspiciet. Diligentia in omni- 
bus rebus plurimum valet: hanc praeciptie colamus, hanc semper 
adhibeamus. Hoc illis narro, qui me non intell&gunt. Lacedae- 
monii Agin regem, quod numquam antSa apud eos accidSrat, 
necaverunt. 

0. We do not call him rich whose fortunes are increasing 1 , 
but him whose mind is satisfied with little 2 . Firm and steady 
friends ought to be chosen 3 , of which kind there is a great 
scarcity. No animal which has blood can be without a heart. 
There is great power 4 in virtues; arouse 5 them, if perchance 
they sleep. Socrates, whose wisdom we admire, was unjustly 
condemned to death 6 by the Athenians. Cornelia, mother of 
the Gracchi, showing her children, said: These are my jewels. 
There is a river in Germany which is called the Rhine. All 
boys and girls who had been taken prisoners 7 by the Romans 
in Spain were restored 8 to their families 9 by the goodness 10 of 
Scipio. Near 11 the village which is called Cannae both consuls 
were defeated by Hannibal. All ancient nations formerly 12 
obeyed 13 kings, a kind of government 14 which was at first con- 
ferred 15 on 16 the justest and wisest men. 

1 augSor, -ex»I Spaucae res; Abl. without Prep. 3 eligendiis, -&>, -iim, 
ought to be chosen 4 vls 5 excito, -arS 6 cSpitis damnare, to condemn to death 
7 cSpio, -Si*&, to take prisoner SrestTtiio, -Sr£ 9 sul, -orum, their families 
HteanctttSs, -atis u&ptid 3 2 qu0 iidam ^parSo, -er£ (with Dat.) 14 impS- 
ttum,-i ^defero, -rS 16 M 



— 5 — 

PART II. — Construction of Cases, 

Subjective and Objective Genitive. 

Syntax 26—29. 

" Cupid itas ilia honoris quam dura est domlna! Jucunda est 
memoria praeteritorum malorum. Yestra magis hoc causa volebam 
quara mea. Bestiae homTnum gratia generatae sunt. Instar montis 
equus. 

7. The better part of us is immortal. Men have 1 a great 
desire for those things which are forbidden. The best remedy 
for anger is delay. True virtue desires no recompense for 
labors and dangers. Not the fear of punishment but the love 
of virtue ought 2 to restrain 3 us from 4 doing wrong 5 . How many 
has the fear of divine punishment 6 recalled from crime ! Follow 
virtue for its own sake ! Rewards are usually offered not for 
gain's 7 but for honor's sake. The morals 8 of the good become 
worse 9 by the intercourse 10 with the bad. Do for the sake of 
your friends the same 11 that you are accustomed 12 to do for 
your own sake. Love of country is born 13 in man. My 14 mind 
is part of me. Sleep is a refuge from all toils and cares 15 . The 
universe 16 was made for the sake of men. Some Romans had 
houses like cities. 

translate: to men is 2 debeo, -er§ 3 prohibeo, -ere 4 a, ab sinjuria, 
-ae (doing wrong) 6 supplicru.xii, -i 7 lucr\iiri, -I 8 mores, -iim. 9 dete- 
Tior, -\is 10 consuetudO, -Inis (Abl. without Prep.) n eadem (Neut. Plur.) 
12 soleo, -ere 13 innat\is, -a, -"um 14 not to be translated 15 sollicitudS, 
-Inis 16 mundvis, -I 

Genitive of Quality. 
Syntax so. 

Tarquinms fratrem habuit Aruntem, mitis ingenii juvenem. 
Claudius somni brevisslmi erat. Hamilcar secuni in HispanTam 
duxit filium Hannibalem, novem annorum. 

8. The sea produces animals of extraordinary size. No* 
body who is of sound mind will deny that 1 there is a God. 
Titus was a man of such 2 easy access 3 and liberality that 4 he 
never 6 denied a thing 6 to any one 5 . The Latins carried into 
the Capitol a golden crown of small weight. The fleet of the 



— 6 — 

enemy* consisted 8 of 89 ships. Julius Caesar adjusted the year 
according 9 to the sun so that it should consist 8 of 365 days. A 
general of the greatest valor does not always lead his army to 
victory. Cingetorix who had been called king and friend by 
the Romans, was (a man) of the highest authority among the 
Gauls. The Romans sent Fabricius, a man of approved inte- 
grity, to Pyrrhus. Hannibal, (when) a boy of nine years, pro- 
mised his father eternal hatred against the Romans. The 
Athenians had a fleet of 300 sail 10 . 

VAcc. w. Infm. say: to be a God stantiis, -a, -iim 3 facTlita,s } -litis, 
easy access 4 ut, with Subjxmct. 5 never. .to anyone, nullus 6 quidquam 7 Plur. 
8 Say: was of 9 ad 10 navis, - 

Iphicrates fuit bonus eivis fideque magna. Alcibiades erat ea 
sagacitate, ut decipi non posset. Athenienses Phocionem, virum 
insigni probitate, capitis damnavSrunt. 

9. The name of Hannibal was in 1 great honor among 2 all. 
Caesar was of lofty stature, fair complexion, black eyes and good 8 
heajth. Caesar sent to Ariovistus Valerius, a young man of the 
highest 4 valor and of amiable manners 5 . Ibises are tall birds 
with stiff legs, with horny and projecting bills; they kill and 
devour a great quantify 6 of snakes. The ancient Germans were 
of immense size of body and of incredible bravery and exercise 
in arms. Those who have a good conscience are usually 7 of 
a tranquil mind. We willingly keep company with those who 
are of a cheerful mind. Not all pupils have 8 great talent. In 
California there are trees of enormous size and of very great age. 

^of great honor 2 apud 3 prosper, -a, -aim. hummus, -&, -iim 5 huma- 
nitas, -atls, amiable manners 6 vls ^are usually, say: use to be (soleo, 
rere) 8 areof 

Partitive Genitive. 

Syntax 31—34. 

Magna vis auri Roraam allata est. Quis vestrum hoc intellexit? 

Trajanus solus omnium intra urbem sepultus est. Alexander senio- 

res milltum in patriam remisit. Catilina ingentem numerum perdito- 

rura homlnum collegerat. 

10. Of the Greek orators the most distinguished 1 are those 
who were at Athens 2 , but of these Demosthenes was unquestion- 
ably 3 the chief. In the army of Alexander there were 32,000 



.: 



— 7 — 

foot-soldiers, 4000 horse and 182 ships. The most excellent 
kings of the Persians were Cyrus and Dareus, the son of Hys- 
taspes; of these the former 4 fell in battle in the land 5 of the 
Massagetae, Dareus died 6 of old age 7 . In the provinces of 
the Roman empire there was a great number of Roman citizens. 
The greatest of benefits are those 8 which we receive from our 
parents. The city (of) Syracuse is the largest and most beautiful 
of the Greek cities. Of all the Greeks the bravest were the 
Lacedaemonians. Rome was taken by the Gauls, and the 
conquered paid 9 a great amount 10 of gold and silver. Only a 
few of the scholars are lazy. 

^praestans, -tis 2 Abl. without Prep. 3 facile 4 prior 5 apud, in the land of 
6 diein supremum oblre 7 Abl. without Prep. 8 not to be translated 9 pendo, 
-&rS 10 vls 

Syntax 35—38. 

Unus ex multis incolumis in patrlam rediit. Pythagoras, cum in 
geometria quiddam novi invenisset, Musis bovem immolasse dicitur. 
Armorum erat affatim captorum Carthaglne. 

11. There are many pleasures to which more or less 1 of 
trouble is commingled 2 . The change of sky and land gives 
much enjoyment 3 . There is this badness 4 in anger; it does not 
want 5 to be governed. There are 6 plenty of men who have 
nothing to do 7 . Among the greatest vices none is more frequent 
than that 8 of an ungrateful mind. Where in the world are we? 
Ships on 9 rivers bear less burden than on the sea. Sulla lost 
124 of his men 10 . Which of all the orators was more eloquent 
than Demosthenes? Of the Persian kings the most prominent 11 
have been Cyrus and Dareus, the son of Hystaspes, each of 
whom obtained 12 the throne 13 by merit 14 . Tarquin had two sons 
one of whom was like his father 15 , the other was of a milder 
disposition 16 . In the minds of men there is something heavenly 
and divine. 

^allquid, more or less 2 admiscS<5, -er§ ^jucunditas, -atis ^maliiiii, 
-i (say; this of badness) Svolo, velle* 6 Singnlar 7 negotIu.iri, -I, to do 8 uot 
to be translated ^n 10 sul, -orum 11 excellens, -tls l2 adipiscor, -I 
^regnixm, -I ^virtus, -Utis, Abl. without Prep. l5 Dative 16 inge'- 
nliirtt, -i 



— 8 — 

Genitive with Adjectives and Participles. 

Syntax 39. 40. 

Medicaminum salutariuin plenisslma est terra. Semper acceptu- 
rum beneficiorum memores estote. Omnis est natura diligens sui. 
Themistocles peritissimos belli navalis fecit Athenienscs. 

12. Human life is full of dangers. Men are often more 
desirous of riches than wisdom. Often a man, although he is 
endowed 1 with reason, seems powerless to control 2 his anger. 
Camels are very capable of enduring 3 thirst. Socrates feigned 4 
himself ignorant of all things. Farmers are commonly igno- 
rant of city 5 manners. Boys are not always fond enough of 
truth. The ancient Romans were very eager for glory. The 
eyes of owls are incapable of enduring 6 light. The soldiers 
of Sulla, mindful of former 7 plunder 8 and victory, longed for 9 
civil war. Those who sail 10 in the same ship, share 11 the same 
risk. Men's mind is ignorant of destiny and future lot. Alex- 
ander was eager for glory and capable of enduring labor, but 
unable to control 2 his anger. Man alone (out) of so many kinds' 
of living beings 12 is a partaker 13 of rea-on. Alexander, covered 14 
with dust and perspiration, plunged 15 into the river. 

1 particeps, -Ipis 2 impotens, -tis 3 patiens, -tis 4 ass!mulo, -arS 
6 urbanTis, -a, -aim. 6 impatiens, -tis 7 vetiis, -^rls 8 raplnae, -ariiiri 
^exopto, -ar§ 10 3ay: are 11 parttceps 12 aiiimaLC'. -tis 13 particeps 14 plen\is, 
-a, -iim. 15 se projicerS (-io) 

Genitive with Verbs of Reminding. 
Syntax 41. 
Veteris te anricitiae commonefacio. Non omnes possunt esse 
Scipiones, ut triumphos recordentur. Animus meminit praeteri to- 
rum, cernit praesentia, futiira praevldet. Alcibiades lacrimans 
benevolentiam civium suorum accipiebat, reminiscens pristini tem- 
poris acerbitatem. 

IS. Men sometimes forget things the most renowned 1 . I 
remember, nor shall I ever forget that night when 2 our house 
was destroyed 3 by fire 4 . Tiberius reminded the judges of 
the laws and their oath 5 . Men usually 6 forget benefits more 
readily 7 than insults. So strong 8 was the memory of 



Hortensius, the orator, that he recollecte 1 all the words of hir; 
opponents 9 . Good citizens remember the benefits of their 
country. The leader of the Helvetii exhorted Caesar to re 
member 10 both the former 11 disaster of the Roman people, 
and the ancient 12 valor of the Helvetii. The father reminded 
his son of his duty. That is a happy memory which forgets 
nothing but an injury received. Every day a slave reminded 
Dareus not to 13 forget the Greeks. 

1 praeclar\is, -2i, -"lira. 2 cum 3 absumo, -erS 4 Abl. without Prep. 
5 religio, -onls 6 Say: are wont to, soleo, -er§ 7 facTlius 8 tantu.s, -a, 
-Hm. 9 adversarms, -i 10 Say: that he should remember; tit with Subj. n vet\is, 
-eris 12 pristintis, -a, -iirii 13 not to forget; say: that he should not forget; 
that not, ne, with Subj. 



Genitive with Verbs of Valuing. 

Syntax 42. 

Commii regis auctoritas in Britannia magni habebatur. DivitTae 
a me minimi putantur. Quanti ista civitas aestimancla est, ex qua 
honi sapientesque expelluntur! Hephaestionem Alexander plurimi 
fecit. 

14o Virtue makes pleasure of very little account. My 
conscience is of more account to me than the talk 1 of all 
men. Homer was very highly valued by Alexander the Great. 
Gold and gems on account of 2 (their) scarceness and beauty 
have always been esteemed of more value than other metals 
which are more useful to men. Knowledge is certainly 3 
to be highly valued, but we justly 4 esteem virtue of more 
value. To act with consideration 5 is worth more than to 
think wisely. My warning does not seom to have been of 
great account to you, nor do I wonder at it 6 , for you thought 
nothing even 7 of what your father had told you. One eye- 
witness 8 is of more account than ten ear-witnesses 9 . No 
possession, no mass 10 of gold and silver is to be valued 11 more 
highly than virtue. Certain 12 philosophers have thought 
nothing of pain and pleasure. 

1 sermS, -onls 2 ob 3 sane 4jure Considerate" e at it, hoc ?et$jn 8 t« s tla 
pculatus 9 (testis) aurltus i°yl!3 J^estimandus * 2 qulcteni 



— 10 — 

Genitive with Verbs of Accusing. 

Syntax 43. 

Miltiades capitis absolutus tanta pecunia multatus est, quantam 

solvere non poterat. Themistocles absens proditionis damnatus est. 

Caesar CornelTum Dolabeilam repetundarum postulavit. Piso in- 

cusavit Germanicum luxus atque superbiae. 

15. The jury 1 condemned Socrates to death. So live that 
you can convict all calumniators 2 of falsehood. Even 3 a daring 
person we do not 3 wholly 4 acquit of fear. Cicero so eloquently 
defended Sextus Roscius (who was) 5 accused of parricide, that 
he was acquitted of that crime by the unanimous decision of 
the judges 6 . The judges were so inflamed 7 by the answer of 
Socrates that they condemned a most innocent man to death; 
many of the judges wished to acquit him of the capital charge 8 
and mulct him in a (sum of) money 9 . During 10 civil wars the 
best citizens have often been accused of treachery, the innocent 11 
have been condemned to death, the guilty 12 have been ac- 
quitted of many crimes. Claudius invited many of those whom 
he had condemned to death, to 13 a banquet on the following 
day 14 . 

\judices f maledu-"Q.s, -i 3 ne. .quidem; the emphatic word, here daring 
person, comes between them 4 prorsus 5 not to be translated 6 omnTum judicum 
sententiis, by the unanimous decision of the judges 7 exardese<^, -Sx»& 8 capiit:, 
-Itis 9 pecuiii2i y -ae, sum of money 10 inter 11 insoDS, -tis 1,2 sons, -tis 
15 ad 14 Abl. without Prep. 

Genitive with esse and fieri. 
Syntax 44. 
Adulescentis est majores natu vereri. Yirorum fortium est dolo- 
rcm aequo amino pati. Insula Megarensium Athenienslum facta 
est. Nostrum est parentes*amare. Asia Eomanorum facta est. 

10. It is the duty of children to reverence their parents, 
and of parents to love (their own) 1 children and to correct their 3 
faults. It is the duty of a judge to assist 3 innocence. In the 
time 4 of Augustus almost the whole world 5 was in possession of 
the Romans. It is your duty to reverence your parents. It 
is the part of a sincere friend not to forsake a friend in ad- 
yersity, The wJioIq kingdom of the Persians came under 



— 11 — 

Alexander's dominion*. It is the duty of every 7 man to speak 
the truth. It is our duty to love our parents. Nothing is so 
characteristic 8 of a narrow and little mind as 8 to love riches. 
In the Gallic war 9 , all things except the Capitol and the 
citadel were (in the possession) 10 of the enemy. Condemning 
is (the function) 10 of the judges, punishment that 10 of the law. 
Lycurgus wished that 11 the highest honors should belong not 
to the rich but to the old. 

J Not to be translated 2 eorum 3 subvenio, -IrS, with the Dat. 4 Abl. Plnr. 
without Prep. 5 orbi9 terrarum 6 Translate- became Alexander's 7 quivis 8 Trans- 
late: of so narrow and so little a mind as, tam..quam 9 Abl. without Prep. 
10 not to be translated "Translate: the highest honors to be not of&c. 



Genitive with Impersonate. 
Syntax 45. 

Me piget stultitiae. Pudeat te neglegentiae. Athenienses cru- 
delitatis paenitiiit. Me maloruin civitatis morum taedet. Miseros 
saepe taedet vitae. Me miseret pauperum. 

7. Diligent scholars will not be disgusted with even the 
greatest labor. He is a fool who is ashamed of his parents; 
but 1 virtuous 2 parents are justly ashamed of their wicked 8 sons. 
I am not only grieved but also ashamed of my folly. The 
wretched are often weary of life. This boy is neither ashamed 
nor tired of his indolence 4 . No one will repent of industry. 
These men are neither ashamed nor weary of their dishonor. 
A good citizen will never be sorry to undergo the greatest 
dangers for his country. After 5 Alexander had slain 6 (his) 
friend Clitus, he began to be sorry for the deed. An inconstant 
man very often repents of his first design 7 . You will never be 
sorry for having learned much 8 , but if you let slip 9 the oppor- 
tunity to learn 10 , you will certainly hereafter 11 be sorry for this 
indolence. He who 12 is sorry for having sinned is almost in- 
nocent. 

a at 2 prob\is, -a>, -xim. 3 improb\is, -a,, -"dm. 4 ignavTa\ -ae 5 post- 
quam ^rucldo, ~ar6, Perfect 'consilium., -x 8 mult5i, -oriim. s praeter- 
mitto, ^€r& (io let slip) 10 ad discendum (to learn) n mox 12 qui {he who) 



— 12 — 

Genitive with interest. 
Syntax 46 — 48. 

Magni interest mea cum amlco una esse. Atheniensium plus 
interfuit, firma tecta in domicillis habere quam Minervae signum ex 
ebore pulcherrimum. Boni viri multum interest, quid post mortem 
suam futtirum sit. 

IS. It very much 1 interests not only parents but also the 
country itself that 2 children should be well educated. It is the 
interest of all to do right. It makes no matter 3 how many 
books you have 4 but how good they are 5 . It concerns me 
nothing what ignorant 6 people may speak of 7 me. What matter 
is it how long 8 you have lived 4 , unless you have lived 4 well? I 
am much concerned what other people think 4 of me. The 
Spartan 9 state was much interested in the maintenance 10 of the 
laws of Lycurgus. It concerns the common safety very much 
that 11 there be two consuls in the state. It is the interest of 
all citizens to obey the laws. When we are thirsty, it makes 
no difference 12 whether 13 it be 4 wine or 14 water (we drink) 15 , nor 
does it matter whether 13 it be 4 a golden cup or 14 a glass (one 
we use) 15 , or 14 the hollow of the hand 16 . 

1 permultum translate: children to be well educated; Ace. w. Inf. 3 non 
refert 4 3ubjunct. 5 Transiate: how good (ones) 6 imperltiis, -a, -iim 7 de 
8 quamdiu 9 Say: of the Spartans 10 Translate: the laws to be maintained, Ace. w. 
Inf. 11 Translate: two consuls to be, Ace. w. Inf. 12 nihil interest 13 utrum 14 an 
1 5not to be translated 16 Say: the hollow hand 

Accusative with Transitives, Intransitives 

and Compounds. 

Syntax 49—83. 

Deus est, qui omnem hunc mundum regit. Panem et aquam 
natura desidSrat. Adeunda sunt pericula decoris honestatisque 
causa. Convenio cotidie plurimos amicos. Piscis ipsum mare sapit. 
Yulgatior fama est, Remum ludibrlo fratris novos transiluisse 
muros. 

19. Themistocles did not escape 1 the envy of his fellow- 
citizens. We are wont to imitate those with whom we keep 
company 2 . The wives and the children of the Germans were 



_ 13 — 

accustomed to follow the army. Sulla who had formerly taken 3 
the side of Marius, afterwards became his 4 most bitter enemy. 
Soldiers emulate the example of (their) leader. All men laugh 
at folly; all men grieve 5 at misery. Appius Claudius, the censor, 
brought 3 the Appian water into the city, and laid 7 the Appian 
way. Happy is he who has never thirsted for pleasures. He 
who loves his children, also 8 chastises them. In Africa many 
animals are found which thirst for blood. An upright and just 
man *will not shudder 9 at death. Alexander the Great emulated 
Achilles chiefly 10 among 11 the Greek heroes. Death will pass 
by nobody. Hannibal led 90,000 foot- soldiers and 12,000 
horse across the Ebro. A coward lives the life of a hare. 

1 efftigIo, -SrS 2 versor, -ari, to keep company 3 sequor, -i 4 ejus 
Moleo, -ere 6 induco, -Sre 'aedifico, -are 8 etiam 9 horrSo, -ere 
10 maxime n Tn, w. Abl. 

Accusative with Impersonate; in Exclamations. 

Syntax 54—57. 

Irasci judicem non decet. Modestum esse decet juvenem. Aliena 
me non decent. Quod patrem decet, idem filium saepe dedecet. 
O vim maximam erroris! Id nobis oneris, hominibus id aetatis 
(= ejus aetatis) imponitur. 

20. It becomes an upright man to assist his country in 
every way 1 . It becomes a youth to be modest 2 . It becomes 
the wise 3 to live according 4 to nature. What becomes boys is 
often unbecoming to men. O fool (that thou art) 5 if thou fearest 
death at the time when 6 it thunders. O glorious day, when 7 1 
shall go 8 to 9 the assembly and company of those who lived be- 
fore me ! The Suevi live for the greatest part on milk and meat 10 . 
O the folly of men, and (his) uncertain fortune, and our idle 11 
hopes ! I do not fail to observe 12 that 13 practice is the best 
teacher of speaking. O excellent protect or of the sheep, a wolf! 
Many things 14 are becoming for men which are unbecoming for 
women. It becomes good citizens to obey 16 the laws and to un- 
dergo all hardships and dangers for the safety of their country. 

1 omni ratione 2 verecurdxis, -&>, -vim 3 sapiens, -tis Secundum 5 not to be 
translated 6 tum. .cum, at the time when, "cum 8 proficTscor, -I 9 ad 10 Abl. with- 
out Prep. 11 Tnanis, -e" 12 me praeterit, I fail to observe 13 Say: practice to be the 
best teacher of speaking. Ace. w. Inf. 14 Neut Plur. 15 j>ar«$o, -ere\ w. Dative, 



— u — 

Accusative with Verbs of Naming. 
Syntax 58. 

Romulus urbeui ex nomine suo Romam vocavit. NerOnem sena- 
tus hostem judieavit. Ciceronem universus populus consulem de- 
claravit. Dionysius superbum se praebiiit in fortiina. 

21. Apollo judged Socrates (to be) 1 the wisest of men 2 . 
Golden bits do not make a horse better. Croesus, king of Lydia, 
on account of 3 his riches considered himself the happiest of 
men 2 . David appointed 4 his son, Solomon, as his successor. 
Alexander founded in Egypt a city which from 5 his ow r n name 
he called Alexandria. Our father gave us the most distinguished 
men as teachers. Boys in (their) 1 play name him king who 
appears to be the most distinguished. Demosthenes showed 
himself an ardent defender of common liberty. I show 
myself grateful to those who have deserved well of 6 me. 
Necessity makes even the timid brave. Anthony called his 
flight victory, because he had come off 7 alive. Wisdom offers 
herself to us as the surest guide to 8 pleasure. Socrates con- 
sidered himself an inhabitant and citizen of the whole world. 
Poverty makes a man in a measure 9 more fitted 10 for 11 many 
virtues. 

T Not to be translated -omnes 3 propter 4 deVigno, -ar& 5 ex 6 de 7 exeo, 
-IrS 8 ad Sqnodammodo 10 apt"us, -a, -"Cim. n ad 



Accusative with Verbs of Teaching. 

Syntax 59. 

Dionysius musicam docuit Epaminondam. Ciceronem Minerva 
omnes artes edocuit. Catillna juventutem mala facinora edocebat. 
Eumenes iter, quod in anlmo agitabat, omnes celavit. 

, 22. They are silly 1 who teach others what they have not 
tried 2 themselves. Pythagoras taught boys modesty and a 
love 3 of letters. Isocrates, an Athenian orator, who taught 
many youths eloquence, never delivered 4 a speech himself. 
Who taught men agriculture? Good boys conceal nothing from 
their parents. Saturn first taught the Italians the cultivation 
cf the land. In the schools of the Romans the teachers taught 



_,, 13 — 

the boys the Latin and Greek languages 5 , history and music. 
Many wish to teach others what 6 they have not sufficiently 
learned themselves. He is a sincere friend who conceals nothing 
from a friend. You teach the eagle to fly, the dolphin to swim. 
Hunger teaches many a lesson 7 . Dionysius, that 8 he might 
not 8 trust 9 his neck to a barber, taught his daughters to shave. 
Divine providence has wisely concealed from us future events 10 . 
The deserters 11 acquainted Caesar with all the plans 12 of the 
enemy 13 . 

Mdtculiis, -5,, -um 2 experioi», -irl 3 studru:m., -i 4 habSo, -er§ 
5 3ing. 6 ea quae 7 multa, -oi*\im 8 ne, with Subj. ^committo, -^re 10 res, 
rSI u transf tiga, -a© 12 consili\im, -I 13 Plur. 



Accusative with Verbs of Asking. 
Syntax 60 — 62. 

Idem te rogavi, quod pater tuus me rogaverat; non quemquam 
idem interrogarem. Visne ut de vita Aristldis teLatine interrogem? 
Kacilius consul in senatu me primum sententiam rogavit. Caesar 
eadem, quae antea ex Lisco quaesiverat, secreto quaerebat ab aliis. 

23. The boys and girls of the Gauls from 1 the wall of the 
town besought 2 peace of the Romans. He who was first asked 
his opinion in the senate was called "princeps senatus." The 
Athenians entreated 2 aid from the Lacedaemonians. Verres 
demanded 3 from parents a price 4 for 5 the burial of (their) chil- 
dren. The Campanians were compelled to entreat help from 
the Romans. Why do you ask me about that 6 which I have 
so often explained to you? Caesar quickly dismissed the council; 
he detained Liscus: he inquired from him alone what he had 
spoken in the meeting; he inquired privately from the others 
the same things 8 ; he found them to be true. A friend will ask of 
another 9 nothing except 10 what is honorable. An upright man, 
when asked 11 for his opinion, will either be silent or speak the 
truth. God demands from us nothing else than what is useful 
to us. Ask 12 nothing of God except 10 what you can ask openly. 

2 ex 2 peto, -SrS 3 posco, -Sre 4 pretiilm, -x 5 pro 6 ea" 7 quaero, 
-&rS 8 e &dem 9 Say: from a friend 10 mst n when asked, rogatus 12 Pres, 
Sttbjunct 



— 16 — 

Dative. Indirect Object. With Intransitives. 

Syntax 63. 64. 

Medici medentur morbis. Frater tuus mihi maledixit. Paucis 
Trojanis ferrum Graecorum pepercerat. Obtrectare alteri nihil 
habet utilitatis. Numquam mihi persuadebitur, ammos esse mor- 
tales. 

24. Old age is a disease which no physician can cure. I 
could never be convinced that 1 our souls are mortal. Riches 
are more frequently envied than virtue. A perfect man never 
curses fortune. The condition of those whom fortune excess- 
ively 2 favors is extremely 3 dangerous. Pleasure w.ns upon 4 our 
senses. The soldiers spared neither women nor children. 
Lycurgus recommended 5 frugality to all. The upright man 
envies nobody. Let us imitate the example ol Christ who 
blessed his very 6 enemies. Those who devote themselves 7 to 
virtue are alone rich. Demosthenes could not say the first 
letter of that art to which he devoted himself. We seldom 
envy the honors of those whose power 8 is not feared. Once the 
same physician treated 9 both 10 wound- and 10 diseases. No one 
has ever come up 11 to Dionysius in cruelty 12 . Some people 
seem to envy not only the living, but even the dead. He who 
spares the rod hates his son. 

x Acc. w. Inf.; say: our souls to be mortal 2 immodice 3 Superlat. 4 blandIoi% 
-Irl 6 suadeo, -ere 6 ipse 7 studeo, -erS 8 vls ? medeor, -eri 10 et. .et 
"aequo, -are 12 Abl. without Prep. 

Dative with Adjectives. 
Syntax 65. 

Arao veritatem, etsi mihi jucunda non est. Respublica Romana 
adeo erat valida, ut cuilibet civitatum finitimarum bello par esset. 
Ineptum id dicltur, quod nee tempori, nee hominl, nee loco ap- 
tum est. 

25. The soil of their country is dear to all. Next to 1 God 
men can be most 2 useful to men. Nothing is more pleasing, 
nothing more acceptable to God than a pious mind 3 and (one) 
mindful of benefits. Nothing is more adapted 4 to man's nature 
than beneficence and liberality. Old age is burdensome to 



— 17 — 

most men. Death is common to every age. Every animal 
seeks 5 that which is adapted to its nature. No place ought to 
be more agreeable 6 to us, than our country. True friends are 
never troublesome to us. Truth is to many people troublesome 
and hateful. The cultivation of the fields is beneficial to the 
whole 7 human race. Every one 8 loves himself*, for every one 
is for his own sake 9 dear to himself. It is easy for an innocent 
man to find words, difficult for the unfortunate to observe 10 a 
limit 11 in his words 12 . Pain appears to be the bitterest enemy 
to virtue. Bravery is especially 13 peculiar to men. I am of 
the same age 14 as thy brother. 

Secundum 2 maxiii!e 3 5,nimiis, -i 4 accommodatTxs, -&, -iim 5 appeto, 
-^re 6 dulcls, -e "fiuiver^fis, -&, --iim. 8 ipse se quisque 9 per se, for his 
own sake 10 teneo, -ere 11 mod'iis, -x 12 Genit. Object. 13 maxime 14 aequalTs; 
Say:* Jam a contemporary of thy brother 

Dative of Advantage. Ethical Dative. 

Syntax 66. 67. 

Non scholae seel vitae discimus. Pisistratus sibi, non patriae Mega- 
renses vicit. Films meus, si quid peccat, mihi peccat. Plures in Asia 
mulieres singulis viris nubere solent. Quid sibi vult haec oratio? 

26. To the unhappy man time is very long, to the happy 
man very short. We wish to be rich not only for ourselves, but 
for our children, relatives, friends and especially 1 for our country. 
Solon established 2 laws for the Athenians, Lycurgus for the 
Spartans. Yulcan made weapons for Achilles. Orgetorix gave 
his daughter in marriage 8 to Dumnorix, the brother of Diviti- 
acus. Dumnorix was a friend to the Helvetians, because 4 he had 
taken 5 from 6 that state the daughter of Orgetorix in marriage; 
and, led by a strong desire 7 for power 8 , he was anxious 9 for a revo- 
lution 10 , and wished 11 to have as many 12 states as possible 12 under 
obligation 13 for his kindness 14 . Octavia, the sister of Augustus, 
was marriod to Anthony. From 15 some roots 16 and herbs we cull 17 
remedies for diseases and wounds. He is a thief in my opinion 18 . 

^axlme 2 instituo, -SrS 3 in matriraonium dare 4 qu5d 5 ducere in matri- 
inonium 6 ex 7 cupidTtas, -atls 8 regniim, -i 9 studeo, -er§ 10 ies novae 
11 volo, velle 12 quam plurimi, as many, .as ^cssible 13 sibi restrictus, under obli- 
gation ^eneficmm., -i, Abl. without Prep. l *ex 16 stirps, -is 17 eligo, 
-SrS l Hn my opinion, say: to me 



— 18 — 

Dative or Accusative. With Compounds. 

Syntax 68. 69. 

Natura sensibus rationem adjunxit. Ratione anteeellimus bestlis. 

Antoiiius leges civitati per vim imposuit. Interpone tuis interdum 

gaudia curis. Manlius posthabiiit filii caritatem publieae utilitati. 

Leomdas, rex Spartanorum. securis Persis supervenit 

27. Not to be on one's own guard 1 , and to give advice to 
others is foolish. Beware of the dog ! Hannibal struck a 
great terror into the Roman army. To every virtue is opposed 
a vice. We often put 2 ducks' eggs under 2 hens. What 
greater or better service can we render 3 the state than that 4 of 
teaching and instructing youth? The nose appears to be, as 
it were 5 , a wall' thrown in 6 between the eyes. Certain signs 
precede 7 certain events 8 . Those who consult the interests of a 
part of the citizens and neglect a part, introduce 9 into the 
state sedition, a most pernicious evil 10 . In India a woman is 
placed 11 on the funeral pile along with 12 her dead husband. The 
Roman censors were accustomed to take the horse away 13 from 
a too fat knight. Compare 14 our longest life with eternity, 
and it will be found short. It is mean to prefer money to 
friendship. 

^aveo, -er§ 2 suppono, -Sre s adfero, -r© 4 Say: when we teach and 
instruct 5 quasi 6 interjTcio, -€im$ 7 praecuno, -ere 8 res 9 induco, -er6 
i°res ^impono, -ere" 12 unacum ,3 adImo, -SrS ,4 confero, -re* 

Dative of Possession. With Verbs of Giving 

and Putting. 

Syntax 7o. 7i. 

DionysTus fossam latam cubiculari lecto circurnd^dit. Semper in 
civitate ii, quibus opes nullae sunt, bonis invident, males extollunt, 
vetera odere, nova exoptant. Romani Q. Metello cognomen Numi- 
dicum (Numidlco) indiderunt. 

28. The lion has (ite) greatest Strength 1 in (its) breast. 
The Lydians had many kings before Croesus. Semiramis 
founded Babylon and surrounded the city with a wall. Tall 2 
trees have deep roots. Crocodiles have the upper 3 part of the 
body hard and impenetrable, the lower 4 part soft and tender. 



— 19 •*- 

As 5 amoii£ trees each 6 has its own fruit, so 5 among men each ha3 
its own gifts. Flowers have not always the same color. My father 
has many sons and (only) one daughter. Publius Cornelius 
Scipio who overcame Hannibal and destroyed Carthage was sur- 
named 7 Africanus. In a state those who have no means 8 always 
envy the better classes 9 . To Tarquinius was given the surname 
* 'Overbearing". A sick man has al ways hope. The name of this 
disease is avarice. Nature had surrounded the town with a 
broad and deep river. Maecenas presented Horace with a coun- 
try-house. Cicero had a great resemblance to 10 Demosthenes. 

1 vls 2 proceriis, -a, -iim 3 superior, -lis inferior, -lis 5 ut. .Tta 
6 quisque 7 Say: had the surname (cognomen) s opes, -um 9 bonI, the better 
classes 10 cum 

Dative with Gerund. Two Datives. 

Syntax 72. 73. 
Hortensio, quod bello civlli numquam interfuisset, ignaviae tri- 
butum est. Timoleon Syracusanis auxillo erat missus. Caesar 
quinque cohortes castris praesidlo rellquit. Vitis arboribus de- 
cori est. Iter mihi faciendum est. 

29. Attains, a king of Asia, gave his kingdom to the 
Romans as a present. Avarice is a 1 great evil to men. Virtues 
bring 2 glory and honor to men. A thousand Plataeans came 
to the help 01 the Athenians 3 against the Persians. Poverty is 
a 4 disgrace to no one. God is not wont to come to the help of 6 
those who bring 6 themselves inconsiderately into danger. Many 
men count it 7 as a praise to themselves what 7 they owe to for- 
tune. Pericles made a present of his lands to the state. A 
roomy house often becomes a 8 disgrace to its owner, if solitude 
reign 9 in it. The hope of a future life is a 10 great consolation to 
the wretched. Virtue alone is neither given nor received as a 
present. The disciples of Plato were to be silent 11 for 13 five 
years. To many distinguished men the fortune of war has 
proved 13 a reproach, the envy of the people a disaster. Every 
one must bear 14 his own trouble. 

x Say: for a great evil 2 are for *to the Athenians *for a disgrace 5 Dat. 
6 mitt6, -Sr& 7 ea..qnae *for a disgrace ^Say: is 10 for a great consolation 
"t&cendum erat 13 per 13 Say: has been for a reproach, .for a disaster ^fereu* 
dum est. 



— 20 — 

Ablative of Cause. 

Syntax 74—78. 

Trahtmur omnes laudis studio et optlmus quisque maxime gloria. 
ducitur. Socratis responso judices sic exarserunt, ut capitis homi- 
nem innocentissimum condemnarent. Parentes salute liberorum 
laetantur. 

30. Many comets we do not see, because they are obscured 
by the rays of the sun. Xerxes was conquered more 1 by the 
prudence 2 of Themistocles than by the arms of Greece. Friend- 
ships are known 3 by affection and love. By the prudence and 
valor of Scipio Hannibal was compelled to depart 4 from Italy. 
Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great, The world 
is governed by God's providence. The liberty of the Romans 
was .crushed by Tarquin the Overbearing, but was restored by 
means of Brutus. We have 5 to obey the laws 6 from love of 
virtue, not from fear of punishment. Hannibal was inflamed 
with hatred against the Romans. Servius Tullius began to 
reign, not by the order, but by the wish and permission o( the 
citizens. Catiline was born of a noble house 7 . We rejoice in 
the recollection of past pleasures. Many rejoiced at the death 
of Caesar. Parents bear many hardships, not for their own, 
but for their children's sake, because they rejoice most in their 
children's welfare. 

1 magis 2 consTlT-um, -i 3 cognosco. -ere ^decedo, -ere Mebeo, 
-erg 6D a t. Tloctis, -i 

Cimon Thasios opulentia fretos adventu suo fregit. Yirtiite qui 
praediti sunt, soli sunt fellces. In vobis, boni cives, salus civitatis 
nititur. Quidam vitiis suis gloriantur. 

31. Who can confide in strength of body? All good men 
mourn over the loss 1 of their beloved ones 2 . As* wise old 
people are delighted with youths endowed 4 with a good disposi- 
tion 5 , so 3 youths delight in the precepts of the old by which 
they are led to 6 the pursuit of virtue. They are to blame 7 who 
desert their duties from effeminacy of temper 8 . Nero on ac- 
count of the remembrance of his crimes was never free from 
fear 9 . The safety of the state rests on the loyalty, piety and 
virtue of the citizens. Blessed is he who is content with 






— 21 — 

honorable mediocrity. No one can trust either to the strength 
of body or to the stability of fortune. Yerres had committed a 
great many 10 crimes incited by avarice and relying on his riches. 
Who can boast of stability of fortune ? Orgetorix, the richest 
and most noble of the Helvetians, led on 11 by the desire of 
reigning, formed a conspiracy of the nobility. 

MntSrftils, -iis 2 stii, -orfiirL 3 ut. .its 4 praeditiis, -&, -iim 3 Abl. 
without Prep. 6 ad ^In culpa, to blame 8 mollitTsi, -ae, effeminacy of temper 
9 Abl. without Prep. 10 permultiis, -&, -iim 11 inductu.s, -21, -iim 



Ablative of Means or Instrument. 

Syntax 79. 

Cornibus tauri, apri dentlbus, morsu leones se defendunt. Ocu- 
lis videmus, auiibus audimus. Per patrem tuum periciilo liberatus 
sum. 

32. The earth has been clothed with flowers, plants, 
trees (and) fruits. Every one measures dangers by his own 
fear. The sun illuminates all things with a most bright 
light. Happy is he who cultivates (his) paternal fields 
with his own oxen. Birds are covered with feathers, 
quadrupeds with hairs, fish with scales. Not by (their) 
fortune, but by (their) character 1 I will value men. Men 
are caught by pleasure as 2 fishes with a hook. Italy was 
fortified against barbarian nations by the Alps, as it were 3 
by a natural rampart. Truth is corrupted either by a lie 
or by silence. Great things are done not by strength or 
speed of body, but by counsel and valor. No one received 
the fugitives 4 into the city or 5 into (his) house. Among 
the Parthians 6 the signal in battle was given not with the 
trumpet but with the drum. Pompey crossed the sea with 
all the soldiers which he had with him. The enemy has de- 
vastated 7 the whole region with fire arid sword 8 . The Roman 
boys, like 9 our own, played with ball and hoop. 

toores 2 ut 3 quSsi, as it were 4 f tigiens, -tis 5 - vS, appended to its word, 
here, house e Say: to the Parthians 7 p5ptUor, -ari 8 ferrtim ignisquS (Abl. of 
ignis in 1) 9 ut 



— 22 — 

Ablative of Limitation. 

Syntax so. 

Boni vix totidem numSro sunt quot Thebarum portae. I&ocratls 

glorlam nemo, meo quidem judicio, est postea conseciitus. Neml- 

nem Thrasybiilo praefero fide, constantia, magnitudlne animi, in 

patrlam amore. Crine ruber, niger ore, brevis pede. 

33, My brother is lame in (his) right foot. It is the duty 
of a youth to reverence (his) elders. Ariovistus was by nation 
a German. Of all companionships none is more excellent 1 , none 
firmer than when 2 good men, similar in character, are united 
in intimacy 3 . The horse on which I rode through the city was 
lame in (his) right foot. By our civil law no one can be a citi- 
zen of two states. In appearance 4 Croesus was very happy in- 
deed 5 , in reality 6 very 7 unhappy. Aristotle was, according to 
the opinion of all, the most learned man of all* antiquity. 
Amulius left the kingdom to his brother Numitor who was the 
elder. Socrates, according to the testimony of all learned 
men, and the judgment of all Greece, was the prince 9 of philo- 
sophers. The Lacedaemonian Agesilaus was king in name, 
not in power like 10 the rest 11 of the Spartans. Love of truth is, 
according to my opinion, the foundation of all virtues. The 
Roman people was marked off 12 according to income 13 , rank 14 
(and) age 14 . 

^raestans, -tis 2 cum 3 Abl. without Prep. 4 species, -ei 5 quidgm 
6 res vera 7 admodum 8 to \is, -a, --urn 9 princeps, -cij>Is 1(1 slciit 
"ceterf, >ae, -a- 12 descnbo, -Sre 13 censiis, -€Ls l4 Plur. 

Ablative of Manner. 

Syntax si. 82. 

Malo cum dignitate potlus cadere, quam cum ignominia servire. 
Legiones profecti sunt alacri animo et erecto. Sulla maximo cum 
labore Athenas cepit. 

34. The earth revolves around its axis with the greatest 
swiftness. Cicero always began to speak with great fear. The 
wise man bears an injury with an even mind. Those who live 
honestly and virtuously (with virtue) can never be quite un- 
happy. Orators are heard with severe judgment 1 , poets with 
pleasure. Those who are thirsty drink in 2 silence. Marcus 



— 23 — 

Crassus perished on the other side of the Euphrates in 2 shame 
and disgrace. Swans die amid 2 song and pleasure. Plato 
lived to extreme old age in 2 the best health. Hares sleep with 
(their) eyes open. You have written this letter with great care 
and diligence. The leader of the Gauls determined 3 to fortify 
(their) camps after the manner of the Romans. The Massilians 
kept* (their) treaty with the Romans with the greatest fidelity. 
In 2 anger nothing can be done well. The Gauls suffered the 
army of Hannibal to pass through 5 their territory 6 in 2 peace 
and quiet 7 . The tribune of the commons excited 8 the feelings 9 
of the commons in every "way. 

T se Veritas, -atls, severe judgment 2 Say: with 3 statuo, -Sr& 4 servo, 
-ar& Hransmitto, -grS, to pass through ( fines, -1 11111. 7 b5n& pax, peace 
and quiet 8 accendo, -Sre - 9 amm\is, -I 

Ablative of Measure and Comparison. 

Syntax 83. 84. 

Omnis sensus homlnum multo antecellit senslbus bestiarum. 

Nihil in homlnum genere rarius perfecto oratore invenlri potest. 

Nihil est laudabilius, nihil magno et praeciaro viro dignius virtute. 

Homines quo plura habent, eo plura cuplunt. 

35. What is more desirable than wisdom, what better for 
man ? No one is dearer to me than my parents. The simpler 
food 1 is, the more useful it is for man. The air is denser, the 
nearer (it is) to the earth. Ireland is less by half than Great 
Britain. The wiser any one 2 is, the more modest (he is). The 
peacock is handsomer than other 3 birds, not more useful. Every 
portion of time 4 seems the shorter the happier it is. It is much 
more difficult to conquer one's self than an enemy. No place 
ought to be dearer to thee than thy country. The smoke of 
our own country is brighter 5 than fire abroad 6 . The weaker an 
enemy is, the greater is the disgrace 7 if one 8 is conquered by 
him. Cicero was some 9 years younger than Hortensius. Lace- 
daemon bore no man 10 either 11 better or 11 more useful than Ly- 
curgus. My country is much dearer to me than life. There is 
nothing more perfect than the world, nothing better than virtue. 

] crb\is, -I 2 quisque 3 ceteri, -ac, -& 4 tempu9, portion of time 5 lucii- 
lentiis, -a, -\im ( aTien\is, -a,, -villi 7 ignomTuI&, -&e p qula «8llqu5t 
^nemS, r<o wan n aut. aut 



— 24 — 

Ablative of Price. 

Syntax «j. 

Yiginti talentis unam orationem Isocrates vendldit. Emit hortos 
tanti quanti vol frit Venditori expedit rem venire quam plurinio. 
Multo sanguine victoria Poenis stetit. Agrum emi talento, vendidi 
duplo pluris. 

36. We cannot buy virtufe and wisdom with gold. In large 
and crowded 1 cities houses are let at a very high price. Ju- 
gurtha, king of Numidia, had purchased peace from 2 the Io- 
nian generals with a large sum of money 3 . Our house was 
bought for a very high price. We sell our corn not dearer than 
every body else 4 , perhaps even cheaper, since 5 we have 6 a 
larger stock. Nothing 7 costs dearer than what is bought with 
prayers. The victory cost the enemy 8 much blood and wounds. 
So great was the terror of the Gallic name that 9 kings of their 
own accord 10 bought peace with an immense sum of money 11 . 
Those who are besieged by an enemy are sometimes compelled 
to buy a pint of water with a large amount of money. The 
best books arc often sold at a very low price. No plague has 
cost the human race 8 as much as anger. My father sold his 
horse for less than he purchased (him). No one will sell at a 
low price what he has bought himself at a high price. My 
father sold his horse at the same price at which he bought 
(him). 

Mrequens, -tis 2 a 3 magna pecunia ^ceteri 5 cum, w. Subjunct. 6 esse 
: nulla res 8 Dat. 9 ut, w. Subjunct. 10 ultro, of their own accord n ingens pecunia 

Ablative of Separation. 

Syntax 86. 

Nihil est praestabilius viro quam perieulis patriam liberare. 
Alexander vix a se manus abstinuit. Apud Germanos quemcunque 
mortalium arcere tecto nefas liabetur. Lacedaemonii de diutlna 
contentione destiterunt. 

37. The fear of punishment deters many from wrong. 
Death releases men from all cares. Timoleon with incredible 
good fortune drove Dionysius from the whole of 1 Sicily. We 
are taught to restrain all our desires, to protect our property 2 , 



— 25 — 

to keep our minds, eyes and hands from other people's pro- 
perty 3 . The Athenians drove* their best deserved citizens 
from the state. The Red Sea does not differ 5 in color 6 from other 
seas. The Aedui could not defend themselves and their pro- 
perty 7 against 8 the Helvetii. Ariovistus excluded 9 the Romans 
from all Gaul. The Roman people forced Lentulus to lay down 10 
the office of praetor 11 . The soldiers of the ninth and tenth 
legions 12 quickly drove the enemy from the higher position into 
the river, and they themselves crossed the river and put 13 the 
enemy to flight 13 . Deliver me from a bad man, from myself. 
Death delivers the diseased 14 from all evils. Scarcely did the 
soldiers keep off the onslaught 15 of the enemy from the gates 
and walls. 

^xot to be translated 2 nostr2L, -orum 3 alienS/, -oiriiiii., other people's 
property 4 ejIcxo, -SrS <abhorreo, -erS 6 Abl. of Limitation 7 suS>, 
-orum e a 9 interdico, -Si*& l0 se abdtcarS 11 praeturSt, -ae, the office of 
praetor 12 Singular 13 in fugam vertere l4 aegrotans, -tis 15 impStu.s, -\is 



Ablative of Plenty and Want. 

Syntax 87. 

Regno cargbat Tarquinius, cum regno esset expulsus. Virtus 
plurimae exercitationis indiget. Abundarunt semper auro regna 
Aslae. Sapiens eget nulla re. Omnibus fortunis privari malo quam 
carSre tranquillitate aninri. 

38. If we shall be free 1 from passions, we shall bo able to 
depart from life with a tranquil mind. We all need 2 God's help. 
Yerres had an abundance of gold and silver vessels of which 
he had plundered the temples of the gods. Neither men nor 
animals can do without 3 air. America abounds in gold and 
silver. Old age is not without 3 (its) pleasures and joys. Tho 
sun fills the whole world with its light. The cold north-wind 
strips 4 the trees of (their) leaves. Children need 2 the advice 
of (their) parents. In Sulla's time 5 tho Roman commonwealth 
was deprived 6 of many illustrious men. No one's life is always 
filled with joys. Old age is free 7 from those services v/hich 
cannot be assumed without strength . Fear of death most 
disturbs those who abound in all good things. The most 



— 26 — 

necessary things do not require 9 skill so much as labor. 
Prusias was robbed 10 of (his) kingdom and forsaken even 11 
by his friends. Nothing can be honorable what is void 7 
of justice. Arion had filled all lands with the glory of his 
name. A bad man is never free 12 from fear. The city was 
surrendered to Caesar empty 13 of (its) garrison, but filled 14 
with stores. 

Mlber, -2L, -iim., 2 &g£o, -ere" 3 cSrSo, -erS, to do or be without 4 nudo, 
-arS bullae temporibus 6 orbo, -ar§ 7 v£co, -arS 8 Plur. 9 indTg&o, 
-ere 10 spoiio, -ar§ n ipse 12 vacti\is, -St, ^iim. 13 nud\is, -Si, -iim. 
14 refertu.s, -si, -tLni 



Ablative with opus est. 

Syntax 88. 

Auctoritate tua nobis opus est et consilio. Magistratibus opus 
est, sine quorum prudentla et diligentia esse civitas non potest. 
Corpori et cibo et potione opus est. Atticus, quae amicis suis opus 
erant, omnia ex sua re familiari dabat. 

39. How much 1 money do you need? There is need 
not of many books, but of good (ones). To body and mind 
there is sometimes need of recreation. There is need of 
good laws for 2 the common safety of citizens. For carrying 
on war 3 there is need of forces, arms and money. We are 
in need of our senses in order 4 to perceive things; of our 
mind, to be 4 able to judge right. When a violent storm 
has arisen, ships are in need of a skilful pilot. What do you 
need in order 4 to be good? To be willing. He who has a 
daughter needs money; he who has two, needs more 5 , he 
who has several 6 , still more. The unhappy have need not 
only of pity but also of assistance. Not only men and beasts 
but also plants have need of air. The body needs much 
food and much drink. As soldiers are in need of arms, so 
scholars are in need of books. 

1 quantum 2 Sd 3 ad bellum gerendum, for carrying on war <Translate : 
that we may perceive, etc.; that, tit with the Subjunct. ^ajSr, -iis 
( piarSs, -&> 



— 27 — 

Ablative with Adjectives and Deponents. 

Syntax 89. 90. 

Quern non pudet, bunc ego non reprehensione solum, sed etiara 

poena dignurn puto. Doleo, te a studio litterarum alienum esse. 

Haiti benefices Dei perverse utuntur. Civltas Athenienslum rerum 

potlta est. 9 • 

40. The ship which employs the most skilful pilot, best 
accomplishes (its) course. The virtue of excellent citizens is 
worthy of imitation, not of envy. Flies are no less worthy of 
admiration than elephants. How many are unworthy oflight 
and nevertheless 1 the sun rises ! The laws which the Atheni- 
ans obeyed 2 were given by Solon. All the works of God are 
worthy of the highest admiration. That is every one's 3 own, 
which every one enjoys and uses. Alexander made himself 
master of the empire of the whole (of) Asia. Many men make 
bad use of riches. Fraud is foreign to a good man. The old 
painters used but 4 few 5 colors. Most 6 people will enjoy greater 
happiness in heaven, than they have enjoyed upon 7 this earth. 
The elder 8 Cato ate the same food and drank the same wine 
with his servants. The light which we enjoy is given to us by 
God. Those who free men from superstition are not less worthy 
of respect 9 than those who banish 10 slavery from among them. 
The Scythians carried 11 their wives and children with them in 
wagons which they used for 12 houses. He who enjoys good 
health, does not require 13 (any) medicine. Valor is praise- 
worthy even 14 in an enemy. 

'tamen 2 utor, -I *quisque 4 tantum 5 pauci, -ae, -a 6 plerique 7 in 
Smajor 9 venerati6, -onis 10 depello, -ere ^veho, -Sre" 12 pro 13 indigeo, 
-ere 14 vel 

Use of Prepositions. 

Prepositions construed with the Accusative. — Syntax 92. 
ante, apud, ad, adversus, 
circum, circa, citra, cis; 
erga, contra, inter, extra, 
infra, intra, juxta, ob, 
penes, (pone), post & praeter, 
prdpg, propter, per, secundum, 
supra, versus, ultra, trans. 



— 28 ~ 

41. Against death we have no weapons. Let children 
be thankful unto 1 (their) parents and teachers. Sailing hard 
by* the shore is dangerous. Physicians have remedies against 
diseases; agamst death they have no remedj r . Your good- will 
toward me, and mine toward you are equal. There is a great 
variety oManguages among men. During night we see the 
stars. There were many holidays with 4 the Romans. Fish 
swim through the water. Among the blind the one-eyed is 
king. To live according to nature is the best life, but many 
men live against nature. The teacher praises these scholars 
on account of their diligence; he blames those an account of 
their laziness. The women commonly attend to the houses and 
household things, the men to the occupations without the house. 
Those who remove across the sea change the sky, not their 
mind. The most pleasant sailing is hard by the land, the most 
pleasant walk is hard by the sea. All things are frail beneath 5 
the moon. Few men live above 6 ninety years. Before noon* 
we attend to our occupations, after noon we walk through the 
meadows and woods. Rich people have magnificent country 
houses near the city. 

1 erga 2 juxta 3 v5luntas, -a/tis 4 Spud 5 infra e supra 

42. The earth turns 1 around its axis. The empire over 2 the 
whole world is in the hands of God. Above us we see a mul- 
titude of stars. Sleep after dinner is not salutary. A fool digs 
a well hard by a river. Many men obey the laws 3 from fear. 
If boys are well, they should not 4 sleep 5 over seven hours. Men 
are more prone to pleasure than to virtue. Sicily is situated 
over against Italy. In summer 6 we shall live out of town. 
That loss is most shameful which happens through carelessness. 
The Romans were accustomed 7 immediately after dinner to 
play at dice. The Argonauts sailed over the Black Sea for 8 
the golden fleece. To-day your brother will come to us to 
dinner. After Romulus Numa was made king of the Romans. 
A good judge will judge according to the laws. All animals 
defend themselves against violence with their own weapons 9 . 
Most graves of the Romans were close by the Appian Way. 
According to the opinion of the ancients the Islands of the 



— 29 — 

Blessed were situated beyond mount Atlas toward the West. 
By heavy cares and continuous labor men grow old before 
(their) time. Nature produced 10 all things for the use of men. 

*se convertere 2 0bject. Genit. 3 Bat. 4 ne 5 Imperat. should not sleep = let 
them not sleep 6 Abl. without Prep. 7 sole7>, -er§ 8 ad 9 Instrum. Abl. 
10 gigno, -er§ 

43. Nature has provided 1 the greatest abundance of things 
for the use of men. The sons of Brutus were slain by the lictor 
before the eyes of (their) father. Pompey finished the war of 
the pirates within 90 days. A good man obeys the laws from 3 
duty, a bad man from fear. Next to God men can be most 
useful to men. Sophocles lived to extreme 3 old age. Comets 
are wonderful on account of their infrequency and appearance. 
All animals live according to nature, man alone often lives 
against reason and nature. Julius Csesar was capable of endur- 
ing labor beyond belief. The Athenians brought the Ionians 
help against the Persians. You will find this verse twice in 
Virgil. The city (of) Marseilles was founded near the mouth 
of the Rhone. Britain is opposite the coast of Gaul. Let us 
be grateful towards our parents from whom we have received 
most benefits. The right of an embassy used 4 to be sacred 
among all nations. Lycurgus divided the lands,of all equally 
among all. The Rhine is between Gaul and Germany. The 
Romans called the land this side the Alps Cisalpine Gaul, the 
land beyond the Alps Transalpine Gaul. The Romans by 
means of their ambassadors declared war on 5 the Carthagi- 
nians. 

1 comparo, -are 2 propter 3 summu.s, -a,*~\irri 4 adsuesco, -ere 5 Say: 
to the Carthaginians. 

Prepositions construed with the Ablative. — Syntax 93. 

a, ab, al>s, cum, cle, 
coram, pro, ex, e, 
tenus, sine, prae. 

44. No man's life is without pain. The Atlantic ocean 
separates 1 America from Europe. It is sweet and glorious to 
die for one's country. The citizens fight for their country, for 
freedom and the laws. Out of all the animals which live with 



— 30 _ 

us dogs are the most faithful. The deeds of men do not always 
agree 2 with their words. A dog is small in comparison with 
an elephant and large in comparison with a mouse. We hear 
the song of birds with pleasure. You are safe if God is with 
you. It is pleasant to me to walk with my friends through 
fields and woods. Nothing of 3 all that w r e see remains. The 
passage from virtue to vices is easier than fro.u vices to virtue. 
With a friend we deliberate respecting the least and the greatest 
affairs. There is sometimes more danger from the doctor than 
from the disease. I have a friend with whom I am accustomed 4 
to share 5 all joys and sorrows. Tacitus wrote a little book 6 on 
the situation, customs, and peoples of Germany. The Britons 
sent ambassadors to Csesar concerning peace. A blind man 
cannot judge of 7 colors. On account 8 of tears I cannot speak. 

1 divido, -ere 2 congruo, -Sre' 3 ex 4 soleo, -ere f parti op, -ii*I 
6 libell\is, -x 7 de 8 prae 

4:5. Who has ever lived without danger, without sorrow, 
without joys? A Persian said to a Spartan: You will not see 
the sun on account of 1 the multitude of the javelins. The latter 
answeied: All right 2 , then 3 we shall fight in the shade. Cicero 
wrote a beautiful book on friendship. The first recommenda- 
tion of a youth arises 4 from modesty. From the larger ox the 
smaller (one) learns to plow. Out of nothing nothing comes 5 . 
We write from the left hand to the right, the Hebrews from 
the right to the left. For so many and so great benefits which 
we have received we owe the greatest thanks to our parent 1 . 
Souls do not die with (their) bodies. The Romans before a battle 
implored victory from tl*e immortal gods and goddesses. The 
Scythians used wagons for houses. The innocent man can live 
even within the door and threshold of the prison without pain 
and torture. Man consists of 6 soul and body. The Athenians 
were distinguished 7 by eloquence above 8 the other 9 Greeks. Let 
youths be modest in presence of old people. The Gauls despised 
the low stature 10 of the Romans in comparison with the size of 
their own bodies. Anthony in presence of the people shed 
tears for 11 Caesar. 

x prae 2 bene habet 3erg5 *proficiscor, -1 *fIo\ -e^I e eX 7 flor«£o, 
-£re\ to be distinguished 8 prae 9 ceterl 10 brevit»s, -a/txs, low stature u de 



— 31 — 

Prepositions construed with the Accusative & Ablative. 

Syntax 94. 
sub, super, subter, in. 

46. Beneath 1 the earth there are many useful things. 
Over 3 our heads there are numberless stars. War is often 
concealed 3 under the name of peace. It is not pleasant to all 
to live in the city. The nightingale does not always remain 
in the same lai.d. Toward winter many birds migrate into 
other lands. Nobody should 4 be a witness in his own cause. 
There is often wisdom under a shabby coat. An upright life 
is the road into Heaven. Birds fly under the clouds, fish swim 
in the water, and worms creep upon the earth. Many birds 
hide (their) heads under 1 (their) wings when 5 they sleep. There 
is nothing new under the moon. Even under a golden roof 
there lodges care. Many birds migrate before winter to warmer 
countries. We do not see all things which come under our 
eyes. Not all the rivers which are upon this earth flow into 
the ocean. It is not troublesome to soldiers to live under the 
open sky 6 . Some animals dwell under ground 7 , fish in 
the water. The air is purest and most salubrious on a moun- 
tain. We have other peoples' 8 vices before our eyes, our own 
behind 9 (our) back. Eagles have (their) nests on high rocks, 
swallows under the roofs of houses. 

J subter 2 super 3 latSo, -ere, to be concealed 4 debeo, -ere" ? quando 
b caelum, the open sky 7 terr&, -ae 6 alieniis, -&, -"urn 9 a 

47. Eclipses of the sun and likewise 1 of the moon are pre- 
dicted for 2 many years. Beasts of prey mostly abide in de- 
serts. Merchants make journeys to 3 various countries. When 
the sun sets, birds hide themselves under the leaves of trees. 
Vice increases from day to day. Frogs live in marshes. The 
sources of rivers are usually 4 in mountains. The boys of the 
Lacedaemonians remained up to (their) seventh year under the 
care of (their) mothers. The souls of the pious after this life 
will pass into heaven, as it were 5 their home. In a good citizen 
love of country is especially praised. Mad dogs bend their 
tail under the belly. A thatched roof 6 covers the free; servi- 
tude dwells under marble and gold. Pliny wTote a letter to 



— 32 - 

the emperor Trajan on 7 the manners of the Christians. The 
battle was cruel; they were slain one 8 upon another 8 . Virtue 
holds all things beneath itself. Toward evening most birds 
go to sleep and they waken up shortly before 9 daybreak 10 . In 
the assembly you speak of valor, in battle you cannot bear the 
sound of the trumpet on account of 11 (your) cowardice. 

1 Ttemque 2 in Ho = into 4 use to he 5 quasT, as it were e culnru.s, -I, a 
thatched roof 7 super 8 alTI. .alH 9 stib, shortly before 10 prima lux n prae 



Place. Names of Towns. 
Syntax 95. 96. 

Hannibal in Hispaniam profectus est. Hannibal in Hispania im- 
perator electus est. Plato Tarentum venit et Locros. Talis Romae 
Fabriclus, qualis Aristides Athenis fuit. Pompgjus Lucerla profi- 
ciscltur Canusium atque inde Brundisium. 

48. The Apostle Paul was born at Tarsus, but lived for a 
long time at Jerusalem. Curius first brought four elephants 
to Rome. The largest libraries were in former times at Alex- 
andria and Pergamum. Tarquin the Proud, the last king of 
the Romans, died at Cumae. Plato came from Athens to Sy- 
racuse. The emperor Severus died at York in Britain. After 
the battle of Cannae 1 Hannibal sent to Carthage three pecks of 
gold rings which he had drawn from 2 the fingers of the Roman 
knights. Pompey had been seriously ill at Naples. He who 
travels from Venice to Naples passes over 3 the Apennines. 
The trade- winds are very unfavorable to those who sail from 
Alexandria. At Athens and Sparta the children of those 
who had fallen for their country, were brought up at the 
expense of the state 4 . The poet Archias came from Antioch 
to Rome. Alexander the Great died at Babylon. A slave 
ran away 5 from Rome to Athens; thence 6 he came to Asia, 
afterwards he was arrested 7 at Ephesus and sent back to 
Rome. Cadmus came from Phoenicia to Thebes, Cecrops 
from Egypt to Athens. 

1 CaDnensis. -e 2 de 3 transcendo, -ere 4 publTce, at the expense of the 
state 5 auf ugio, -ere* f indS 7 deprehendo, ^re 



Apposition with Names of Towns, domus and rus. 

Syntax 96. 1— s. 97. 

Ciraon in oppldo Cittlo est raortuus. Tres sunt viae ad Mutlnam. 
Antiocho licuit remigrare in domum veterem e nova. Ego rus ablbo, 
atque ibi manebo. Archlas poeta Antiochlae natus est celebri quon- 
dam urbe et copiosa. 

49. Croesus, king of Lydia, sent ambassadors to Delphi; in 
Delphi there was a very celebrated oracle of Apollo. Alcibi- 
acles was born at Athens and educated in the house of Pericles. 
Hannibal being driven from Carthage came to Ephesus to king 
Antiochus. Cato killed himself with his own hand at Utica, a 
town of Africa. My uncle has determined to pass his life in 
the country. All those whom their shameful deeds 1 had driven 
from home flocked into Rome. Cimon of his own accord set 
out from Athens to Lacedaemon and brought about 2 peace be- 
tween the two greatest states of Greece. Aristides conducted 3 
public affairs 4 excellently in peace and in war. My friend 
who lived with me, died lately at my house. When my son 
returns 5 from the country, I will send him to thee. He who 
comes from home, knows not whether 6 he is going to return 7 
home. Caesar departed from Tarraco and came by land 8 to 
Xarbo and thence to Massilia. The weary sleep well even on 
the ground. 

1 flagitiiim., -I, shameful deed 2 concillo, -are 3 gero, -ere 4 res 5 Say: 
shall have returned c an T redituru3 sit, is going to return 8 pedibus. 

Ablative and Accusative of Place. 
Syntax 9s — 100. 

Caesar nuntios tota Aeduorum civitate dimittit. Erant omnino 
itinera duo, quibus itinerlbus domo exire possent. Impli cives unum 
se in locum, ad curiam congregabant. 

50. Light is diffused 1 over the whole world. My uncle 
has departed by sea for California. The sun does not always 
rise or set in the same place. Order is the arrangement of 
things in fitting and convenient places. The Athenians led 
out (their) forces from the city and pitched (their) camp in a 



~ 34 — 

suitable place. A stone falling is borne downwards in a straight 
line. The Romans conquered the Carthaginians by land and 
by sea. As long as 3 my father lived, our affairs were in a very 
good condition 3 . Nature herself has stamped the idea of God 
in the minds of all men. Xerxes being warned 4 of danger by 
Themistocles returned into Asia in 30 days 5 by the same route 
by which he had made his journey into Greece in six months 5 . 
The Egyptians and Babylonians bestowed 6 all (their) attention 
on astronomy 7 . Cassar embarked 8 his legions and (his) cavalry 
at Brundisium. 

Miffundo, -6rS, with Abl. 2 donec 3 lociis,-I 4 Perf. Part. 3 Abl. of Time 
6 pono, -erS 7 siderum cognltio 8 in naves imponere 



Extent of Space. 
Syntax 101. 102. 

Milltes duxgrunt fossam viginti pedes longam. A recta con- 
scientia transversum, ut ajunt, digitnm non oportet discedSre. 
Ariovisti copiae a Eomanis milibus passuum quattuor et viginti 
aberant. 

51. The soldiers built 1 a mound 300 feet broad and 80 
feet high. The trunk of the elephant is seven or eight feet 
long. The city (of) Naples is distant 2 five English miles from 
Vesuvius. Zama is 3 five days' journey from Carthage. The 
Saguntines (when) besieged by Hannibal made a rampart 
three hundred feet long (and) twenty feet high. The highest 
pyramid is 450 feet high; the single sides are 800 feet broad 
at 4 the lowest part. Susa was distant from the sea a journey 
of three months. The soldiers made trenches 100 feet long 
and 5 feet deep. The town (of) Saguntum was by far the 
most opulent of the Spanish towns, situated nearly a mile 
from the sea. The temple of the Ephesian Diana is said to 
have been 400 feet long and two hundred broad. The Ara- 
bians have slender swords each four cubits long. The 
elephant is eight or nine feet high. 

iexstruo, -&r& 2 disto, -are 3 absUm, Sbesse* 4 in, w. Abi« 



— 35 — 

Time When? How long? 

Syntax 103. 104. 

Quo anno Carthago deleta est, eodem interiit Graecia. Pyrrhi 
temporlbus jam Apollo versus facere desierat. Decern annos Troja 
appugnata est ob unam mulierem ab universa Graecia. 

52. Rome was founded in the 754th year before Christ. 
Corinth was destroyed by Mummius, and Carthage by Scipio 
on the same day. Forsake those by whom you will be for- 
saken in a short time. In autumn storks migrate to other 
lands and return in spring. The city (of) Veii was besieged 
during ten summers and winters. The Arabs wander over 1 the 
plains and mountains winter and summer. Augustus died in 
the 76th year of his age. Mithridates reigned 60 years, lived 
12 years and maintained 2 war against the Romans for forty 
years. During the morning hours the rainbow appears to- 
wards the west, in the afternoon nours it appears towards the 
east. Some birds sing through the whole year, others only 3 at 
certain 4 seasons. Barbers came from Sicily to Italy in the 
454th year after the founding of Rome 5 ; before that 6 the Romans 
were unshaved. Rome was built in the 431st year after the 
destruction 7 of Troy. At the time 8 of the Gallic war all things 
except the citadel had fallen into the hands of the enemies. 

1 peragro, -are, to wander over 2 liab£o, -ere" 3 nonnisi 4 quldam 5 post 
Romam conditam tantea, before that 7 excidiiixii, -x 8 ?lur. 



Distance of Time. 

Syntax 105—109. 

Corpus Alexaudri paucis annis post Alexandrlam translatum est. 
Germani intra annos quattuordScim tecta non subierant. Aristides 
sexto fere anno postquam expulsus erat, in patrlam restitutus est. 
Quaestor fui abhinc quattuordecim annos. Ad cenam invitatus sum 
in posterum diem. 

53. King Numa lived very many years before Pythagoras. 
The planet Saturn completes its course in nearly thirty years. 
Cyrus reigned thirty years; (he was) forty years old (when) he 
began to reign. Carthage by order of the senate was restored 1 



— 36 — 

22 years after it had been overthrown 3 by Scipio. Hannibal 
having been made general, subdued all the tribes of Spain in 
the next 3 three years. Romulus in the eighteenth year of his 
age founded a small city on the Palatine hill. How many years 
ago was the art of printing invented? Charles lived with us 
for more than a year. Arganthonius came to the throne at 
the age of 40 years, reigned 80, and lived 120 years., Alexander 
died thirty three years and one month old. Caesar returned to 
Rome nine years after he had gone to Gaul. My friend's father 
died almost twenty years ago. Cicero was some years younger 
than Hortensius. Among the Suebi it was not allowed to stay 
longer 4 than one year in the same place. 

'r&pSro, -ar6 2 everto, -£r«5 3 prox!nru.s, -s&, -Tiro. 4 longftis 



Special Uses of Adjectives. 

Syntax us — 127. 

Conscientia saepe bonum a malo rectius discernit quam doctrlna. 
In summis Alplbus nix sempiterna est. Yide ne oratlo tua iniquior 
sit quam verior. Carthago urbs opulentisslma a Komanis incendio 
deleta est. 

54. Hear much, speak little. The past cannot be changed. 
What we wish, we readily believe. Either be silent or tell the 
truth; he who despises truth is worthy of the greatest con- 
tempt. The splendid city of Athens did not recover its former 1 
magnificence after the Peloponnesian war. Hannibal of Car- 
thage has not gained so 2 great fame by (his) victory at Cannae 
as 2 Epaminondas of Thebes by (his) battle of Leuctra. Hanni- 
bal left Spain with a great army in the beginning of spring 
and arrived in 3 Italy at the end of summer. No general of the 
Romans was able to penetrate into the heart 4 of Germany. At 
the break 5 of day 6 the tops of the mountains are illuminated by 
the rays of the sun. The clamor of a great crowd is more 
troublesome than dangerous. The rebuke of a kind friend is 
more useful than bitter. 

tyristlrms, -&>, -iim. 2 tantus. .quantus 3 in w. Ace. 4 intmru.s, -3,, --Quix 
5 prIm-Q.s, -a>, -"urn 6 lux, lucta 



— 37 — 

Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns. 
Syntax 128—131. 

Flebat films de patris morte. Demosthenes non tarn dicax fuit 
quam facetus; illud acrioris ingenii, hoc majoris artis est. Cave 
Catoni anteponas Socratem; hujus (Catonis) facta, illlus dicta lau- 
dantur. 

55. Carthage and Corinth "were destroyed in the same 
year, the former by Scipio, the latter by Mummius. You pos- 
sess my estates, I live on the charity 1 of others. Caesar and 
Hannibal were very famous leaders in war, upon the former 2 
the conspiracy of Brutus, Cassius (and) others brought 3 destruc- 
tion, the latter killed himself by poison. I say this, my oppo- 
nent that. He whom we now call foreigner, in our fathers' time 4 
was called enemy. How many narrators of his exploits had 
that famous Alexander the Great with him! Who will ever be 
dearer to you than your parents ! Cato bore the death of his 
son, a perfect and tried man with the greatest wisdom. Caesar 
and Pompey contended long together 5 , the former because he 
could not 6 endure any 6 superior, the latter, because he could 
not bear any equal. The Capitol was built of hewn stone 7 , a 
work to be admired 8 even in the present 9 magnificence of the 
city. I will present to you this book, keep 10 it; (it is) the same 
(that) we are reading in school. 

1 Abl. 2 Dat. 3 paro, -are 4 apud majores nostros sinter se 6 nemo, not 
any 7 Abl. saxum quadratum 8 adspic!endiis, -a, -tim, to be admired ^hic 
10 retinSo, -ere" 



Determinative Pronouns. 

Syntax 132 — 136. 

Polemarchus est vir bonus atque honestus; is ad Yerrem in jus 
eductus est. Erant in Torquato plurimae litterae nee eae vulgares. 
Bona externa cum corporis comparantur. .Virtus per se ipsa placet. 
Quidquid honestum est, idem est utile. 

56. All naturally 1 love themselves. By our own faults 2 
times are bad. Cato died just 86 years before Cicero's consul- 
ship 3 . Men must be most annoyed 4 by those evils which havo 



_ 38 — 

been contracted by their own fault. Angry men are not masters 
of themselves. Nobody easily knows himself, because every 
one willingly forgives his own faults. The brilliancy of the 
same stars delights the country-people and the city-people. 
This sea is called the Atlantic, that the Pacific, between them 
lies 5 America. Many through tedium 6 of life have brought 7 
death upon themselves. Cato stabbed himself in the breast 8 
with his sword. Instances of virtue are found everywhere, 
and, indeed, the most in the hardest times. Socrates instructed 
many young men in the most important things, and that with- 
out (any) recompense. Virtue wants no other reward except 9 
that of praise. Nothing helps 10 that may not likewise 11 hurt. 
(He) takes away the greatest ornament of friendship who takes 
away from 12 it mutual respect 13 . 

1 natura (Abl.) 2 culpa (Sing.) 3 consul 4 molestissime ferre aliquid, to be 
most annoyed by something 5 Say: is 6 Abl. of Means 7 sibi mortem consciscere 
8 Say: stabbed the breast to himself Spraeter 10 prodesse n Idem 12 ex 13 vere« 
cundia, -ae, mutual respect 



Relative Pronouns. 

Syntax 137— 140. 

Est profecto Deus, qui quae nos gerimus, audit et videt. Malum 
est consilium, quod mutari non potest. Quern di diligunt adulescens 
moritur. Quod vides accidere pueris id nobis quoque majusculis 
pueris evenit. Spero te quae tua prudentia et temperantia est, jam 
valere. 

57. The pleasure which is derived 1 from 2 base actions 3 
passes away quickly. That indeed is welcome 4 praise which 
comes 5 from those ,who themselves have earned true and just 
praise. What fortune has not given she does not take away. 
All ancient nations formerly obeyed kings, a kind of govern- 
ment which was at first conferred on 6 the justest and wisest 
men. He who loves his children also chastises them. The 
evils we suffer in common with 7 many, seem to us lighter. The 
earth never returns without interest what it has received. 
Those are good citizens who adorn the state by (their j warlike 
glory and their own homes by (their) virtues. Caesar, such 8 



— 39 — 

was his ambition, preferred to be the first in the smallest town 
than the second in Rome. Neoptolernus in s his cruelty spared 
neither old men nor boys. America was discovered by the 
aid 9 of the magnetic r 3edle, the use of which the ancients did 
not know. 

1 capere 2 ex 3 turpia, base actions 4 jucund"us, -a, -u.111 5 proficisci 6 de- 
ferrS ad Hu common icith, cum Relative 9 ope 



Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns. 

Syntax 141 — 146. 

Nuda fere cacumina Alpium sunt et, si quid est pabuli, obruunt 
nives. Noli quidquam sequi, quod assequi non queas. Alcidamas 
quidam scripsit laudationem mortis. Suae quisque fortunae faber 
est. Optimus quisque maxim e gloria ducitur. 

58. What was the cause of war? Which do you con- 
sider the greatest general, Caesar, Scipio or 1 Hannibal? 
Which the better orator, Cicero or 1 Demosthenes? Who is 
better than God? !So one. What man is most like God? 
The best 3 . Credulity is an error rather 3 than a fault and 
creeps most readily into the minds of the best 2 . Some nations 
live on 4 fish and birds' eggs. To every body his own man- 
ners are the most pleasing. It is the custom of fools to 
say anything. Laziness is shameful to every one, but espe- 
cially to young men. Every man's life has some troubles. 
Whatever is honest is useful. There are some animals which 
live only one clay. Youth is a certain part of life. (He) who 
teaches learns. I write this letter to some one of my friends. 
The manners of some young men are not pleasing to us. 
Every body looks out for 5 his own profit. Certain animals 
have a very long life. Every one loves his parents and to 
every one his parents are clear. All the arts which belong 6 
to 7 cultivation have a certain common bond. The better one 
is, the more modest he is. 

1 Sn 2 Say: each best 3 magis <Abl. 5 quaero, -&rS, to look out for 6 per- 
tlnSo, -ere 'ad 



— ±0 ~ 



PART III. — Syntax of the Verb. 

Tenses. Present and Perfect. 

Syntax 147 — 151. 

Scribo epistfilam. Malum vas non frangltur. Inveni nortum 

spes et fortunavalete, sat me lusistis, indite nunc alios. Milo domum 

venit, calceos et vestimenta mutavit, paullisper commoratus est. 

Tantum belram Pompejus extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere 

suscepit, media aestate confScit. 

59. CfBsar in the Pontic triumph amid the decorations of 
the procession carried before (him) an inscription of these 
three words: I came, I saw, I overcame. The Romans con- 
quered the Corinthians and carried their 1 works of art to their 
own city. Italy first saw elephants in the war of king Pyrrhus 
and called them Lucanian oxen, because they first appeared in 
Lucania, The flashes of lightning reach 2 our eyes before we 
hear the crash of the thunders. Hannibal (as) general subdued 
m war all the tribes in Spain, stormed Saguntum, an allied 
city, and raised three armies. Of these he sent one into Africa- 
the second he left with his brother Hasdrubal in Spain the 
third he brought with himself into Italy. I hold a wolf by the 
ears. The camel asking 3 for horns lost also (his) ears. Nature 
gave the fields, human art built the cities. The love of money 
grows as 4 money itself grows. When we are in good health 6 
we all give easily good advice to the sick. Meanwhile Rome 
increases by the demolition of Alba; the number of citizens is 
doubled; the Caelian mount is added to the city. 

iSay: of them *pervenlre ad, to reach sdesidergre, to ask for "quantum 
"valere, to be m good health ■ ionium - 

Imperfect, Pluperfect, Future. Periphrastic 
Conjugation . 

Syntax 152—157. 

Donee eris felix, multos numerabis amicos; tempora si fuerint 
nubila, solus eris. Anseres Romae publlce alebantur in Oapitollo 
benpseram epistulam, cum amicus adfiut. Scribam epistulam cum 
otmm nactus ero. Morere, Diagora, non enim in caelum ascensiirus es. 

60. I used to read 1 the books of the ancient writers with 
great zeal and diligence in school. From 2 the tongue of Nestor 



— 41 — 

as Homer says 3 , speech flowed more sweet than honey. The 
Lacedaemonians had two kings. Men will be more easily taught 
by examples than by precepts. Will you not 4 be moved by the 
prayers and tears of your parents? Augustus after the civil 
wars never called his soidiers "fellow-soldiers'' but "soldiers". 
Why 5 , if I shall ask you anything, will you not 4 answer? Agesi- 
laus, king of the Lacedaemonians, sometimes played with his 
children whom he greatly loved. The Romans engraved the 
laws, which the senate and people had sanctioned, on 6 brass 
tables. Ariovistus, chief of the Germans, was about to occupy 
all Gaul. When I come 7 to New York, I will write to you 
about what 8 I shall see 7 . Yerres used to live in the winter 
months at Syracuse. In spring he gave himself up 9 to work 
and travelling 10 ; he was carried in a litter, in which there was 
a pillow 11 stuffed with roses 12 . 

ilmperf. 2 ex 3 ait 4 nonne 5 qutd e Abl. 7 Fut. Perf. 8 about what, Ace. 
9se dare 10 itmera;, -iira. "pulvlniis, -i 12 rosa>, -ae (Sing.) 

Tenses of the Indicative. 

Syntax 158 — 163. 

Chabrlas dum primus studet portam intrare, ipse sibi perniciei 
fuit. Ignavus miles simiilac hostem vidit, fugit. Cum ad villam veni, 
hoc ipsum nihil agere me delectat. Gratisslmum mihi feceris, cum 
ad me veneris. 

61. Whilst Hannibal threatened (to) the city of Rome, the 
Romans sent (their) forces out of the city into Spain. While 
Pompey was deliberating, Caesar with the utmost speed ap- 
proached Rome. The false friend who promised aid to you 
against being fettered 1 , as soon as the chain shall have clanked, 
will fly away. After the war was finished 2 , the consul returned 
to Rome and triumphed. Cimon was recalled to his country 
five years after he was banished. Gnaeus Scipio was killed 
eight years after he came to Spain, and twenty nine days after 
the death of his brother. As often as each 3 cohort charged 4 , 
a great number of the enemy fell. Young ducks 5 leave the 
hens, by which they have been hatched 6 , as soon as they sec 
the water. After Hannibal had taken Saguntum and subdued 



- 42 — 

all the nations of Spain in war, he raised three armies, and 
sent one of them to Africa, the second he left with his brother 
Hasdrubal in Spain, the third and best he took with him to 
Italy. As soon as Pelopidas recognizes 7 the tyrant in the 
battle, he spurs on his horse against him, and falls pierced 8 
with darts far away from his followers 9 . 

a Say: against fetters 2 conficxo, -£r<5 3 quisque 4 procurro,-&r&, Pluperf. 
spulli anatum 6 excludo, -SrS 7 animadverto, -ere 8 confossu.s, -&, -tim. 
9 sui, -orum 

Sequence of Tenses. 

Syntax 164—176. 

Nullum est animal praeter hominem, quod habeat aliquam noti- 
tiam Dei. Audlvi, quid agas. Nihil ex sapiente viro discet adules- 
cens, quod nescisse rectius fuerit. Morati melius erimus, cum rlidi- 
cerimus, quae natura desideret. Natura praescripsit horn Ini, ut 
nihil pulchrius quam hominem putaret. Libertas ut laetior esset, 
ultimi regis superbia fecerat. 

Words to be expressed by the Subjunctive are in Italics. 

62. Have you 1 learned so little 2 in school that you do not 
understand this? So great is the multitude of stars that they 
cannot be numbered. Life is short, even if it lasts over 3 100 
years. Sometimes there is need that we be reminded of human 
frailty. Our ancestors often fought that they might free their 
country. Sometimes men praise others only 4 for the reason 5 
that they may be praised by them. We carry on war that we 
may enjoy peace. We see every day how great is the good- 
ness of God. Alexander had never said whom he was about to 
make his heir. Who does not know in how great honor music 
was held 6 among the Greeks? The boy fell down from the roof 
so that he broke his leg. For this reason 7 we have two ears 
and one mouth that we may hear much 2 and speak little 2 . 
There is no state that has not wicked citizens. Dogs are kept 
in houses that they may give notice if thieves come 6 . Tell me, 
I beseech you, what page the teacher gave us to be copied 9 . 
Caligula wished that the Roman people had one neck that he 10 
might fill his cruelty by one stroke and at one day. Alex- 
ander, (when) about to die 11 , to those asking whom he wished 



— 43 — 

to make his heir answered: The worthiest. Plato calls pleasure 
a bait, because men are caught by it as fishes with a hook. 
Caesar (when) dictator adjusted the year according to 12 the 
course of the sun, so that it might be reckoned (as consisting 13 ) 
of 365 days, and one day should be interpolated every fourth 
year. So great a terror of the Germans prevailed 14 in Caesar's 
camp that even wills ivere written by the Roman soldiers. The 
Pythagoreans rehearsed in the evening what 15 they had said, 
heard and done every day. Augustus was so great that he 
despised triumphs. 

1 tune 2 Neut. Plur. 3 supva 4 Lantum 5 Tdeo 6 Say: was 7 idcirco 8 ?erf. 
9descnbend-us, -a, -iixn. 10 ipse 1 Moribund u.s, -a, -iim. 12 ad 13 not to be 
translated 14 Say: was 15 quid 

Indicative Mood. 
Syntax 177 — 180. 

Optandum est, ut aliquando allam viain ingrediare. Erat amen- 
tis, cum aciem videres, pacera cogitare. Haec qualiacunque erant, 
reticencla non fuerunt. Brutum non minus amo quam tu: paene dixi 
quam te. 

63. The time of death will come, and indeed quickly, 
whether you shall delay or hasten (it). It would be tedious to 
enumerate the battles of Hannibal. It would have been the 
best thing either to drive 1 those wicked men from 2 the state or 
to condemn (them) to death. The war ought either not have 
been undertaken, or been carried on consistently with 3 the 
dignity of the Roman people. Whether we live or die, we are 
in the hands 4 of God. I could enumerate many examples of 
rich men who have not been happy. It would lead too far to 
name all the Romans who willingly died for their country. It 
would be best to shun the company of bad people of whatever 
rank they may be. A flatterer likes sumptuous 5 dinners more 
than a rich man does 6 , I had almost said, as the rich man 
himself. Tiberius Gracchus ended by a premature 7 death a 
life which he could have led most gloriously. It would have* 
been just not to condemn Socrates to death, but to bestow 
upon 8 him the highest praise. 

1 ejtcio, -er§ 2 Abl. 3 pro, consistently with Hn the hands of God y Dei, Gjh. 
of property £ lautiis, -a, -urn. 6 not to be translated 'iminaturiis, -a, -um 
°conferre in aliquem, to bestow upon 



~ u — 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Syntax 181 — 186. 

Quis tibi hoc concesserit? Hoc di bene vertant. Quidquid ages, 
prudenter agas et resplce finem. Ne difficiila optemus. Ego tibi 
irascerer? Quo me conferam, milites, cui caput meum credam? 

64. Caesar could conclude the affair without a battle; why 
should he try 1 his luck? If we are Christians, let us have 2 
Christian morals and speech 3 . In prosperity let us avoid 4 pride 
and haughtiness. Let every one know his own disposition 5 and 
show himself a sharp judge both of his good qualities 6 and his 
faults I should praise no virtue of Socrates more than his 
patience. Let us imitate our ancestors; let us remember that 7 
justice is to be observed even towards the lowest. You may 
expel nature with a pitchfork, nevertheless it will ever 8 be re- 
turning 9 . Let not 10 your right hand know 10 what 11 your left hand 
doeth 12 . Valerius used to , sing every day, because he was a 
stage-player; what else 13 should he do? Let him who has 
granted a favor, speak not of it 14 ; let him who has received 
(one), proclaim 15 (it). Solon very well said 16 : Let others keep 17 
riches for themselves, we virtue. Let us show ourselves worthy 
of our ancestors, let us love our country, let us obey our par- 
ents, let us worship God. Who would not admire the splendor 
and beauty of virtue? May I not be safe if I write otherwise 
than 18 1 think! 

1 perTclitSr, -ari 2 utor, -i 3 voces, Plur. 4 fugio, -ere 6 ingeDiu.m., 
-I 6 bona, -orum, good quadties 'justitiam esse servandam. Ace. w. Inf. 8 us- 
que 9 recurro, -ere 10 nesclo, -ire "quid. 12 3ubjunct. 13 aliud 14 Say: be 
silent 15 narro, -are 16 not to be translated 17 habSo, -ere" 18 ao 

Consecutive Conjunctions. 

Syntax 188 — 191. 

In eo statu res nostrae sunt, ut non possint esse miseriores. Se- 
quitur, ut de magnitudme belli dicam. Quis est tarn demens, ut sua 
voluntate maereat? 

65. Atticus so lived that he was deservedly. most dear to 
all the Athenians. Italy is so planted with trees that the whole 
(of it) appears an orchard. It happens, I know not how, that 



— 45 — 

we see the faults of others more sharply than our own. So 
great was Cato's diligence that he, (when) an old man, learned 
the Greek language. Mithridates had so learned the languages 
ot 22 nations which were under his rule, that he could speak 
without an interpreter with all whom he governed 1 . There is 
this common vice in great and free states that envy is the com- 
panion oi glory. The kings of the Persians, for the sake of 
(their) pleasure, so divided the year that they spent the winter 
in Babylon, the summer in Media. Bears during winter are 
overcome with so heavy a sleep that they cannot be aroused 
even by wounds. He is rich who has so much that he desires 
nothing more 2 . Geese are too heavy of body 3 to be 4 able to fly 
conveniently. Socrates on 5 his trial for life so spoke for him- 
self that he seemed not to be the defendant, but the master of 
his judges. Xanthippe, the wife of Socrates, was very cross 
and quarrelsome so that she was troublesome to her husband 
day and night. 

Mmperare, w. Dat. 2 amplius 3 Abl. 4 ut w. Subjunct. 6 in 

Final Conjunctions. 

Syntax 192 — 193. 

Pylades Orestem se esse dixit, ut pro eo necarStur. Cura ut 
valeas. Oinne animal id agit, ut se conservet. Concedo ut ea prae- 
termittas, quae dum taces, nulla esse concedis. Moneo te deslnas 
furere. 

66. The Romans took 1 Cincinnatus from the plow that he 
might be dictator. Parents send their children to school in 
order to learn something. He who runs a race ought to strive 2 
to conquer. Always think of death 3 that you may never fear 
it. Boys are exercised in labors 4 that they may become 5 strong 
in mind 4, and stout in body 4 . If we are not moved by honesty 6 
itself to be good men, but by utility, we are smart, not good. 
Mirrors were invented, to make man acquainted with himself. 
That you may be loved, be lovable. Reason has been given to 
us to be able to judge and to act rightly. You have often been 
admonished by your masters not to desire the company of bad 
people. Before old age let us see to it 8 that we live well, in 



— 46 — 

old age that we die well. Alexander made an edict 9 that no 
one 10 should paint him except Apelles. Metellus persuaded the 
ambassadors of Jugurtha to deliver to him 11 the king alive or 
dead 12 . We ought to eat that we may live, not live that we 
may eat. Aeneas that he might win 13 the hearts 14 of the Abori- 
gines, called both the nations Latins. 

1 abducere 2 contendSre 3 Acc. 4 Abl. 5 evadSre 6 honest\im, -I 'Say: that 
man might know himself 8 curarS, to see to it 9 edlcere, to make an edict 10 ne 
quls n slbi 12 Say: either alive or dead (aut. .aut) 13 sibi conciiiare 14 anlmus 

Verbs of Hindering and Fearing. 

Syntax 194 — 200. 

Cura, ne in morbum incidas. Metuo ne frustra laborem suscepe- 
ris. Operam dat Clodlus, ut judicia ne fiant. Timeo, ut liunc labo- 
rem sustineas. 

67. We fear that we cannot discharge 1 our duty. The 
fear at Rome was great that the Gauls would again come to 
Rome. Hannibal left Carthage through fear 2 that he might 
be betrayed 3 to the Romans. The physician feared that you 
would not recover from 4 this disease. The organ of hearing 
has a crooked passage, that nothing may be able to enter. We 
often patiently suffer 5 griefs that we may not fall into greater 
(ones). I fear that you are not diligent enough. The Athenians 
were in great fear that Xerxes would destroy the town. The 
citizens of the town besought the commander with tears 10 that 
he would not burn their town. I fear that my brothers will 
not come to the city. Herod gives orders 6 for the children to 
be slain. Take care lest you fall anew into sickness. There 
is no danger that he who can paint 7 a lion or a bull skilfully 
could not do the same thing 8 with 9 many other quadrupeds. 
The army begged Alexander with tears 10 to put an end to the 
war. The miser fears lest his goods may be snatched away 11 
from him. Romulus, lest the greatness of the city should be 
void, opened a certain place (as) an asylum. 

^atisfacSre w. Dat. 2 Abl. 3 tradere 4 ex 6 perpSti, to suffer patiently 6 im- 
perare, to give orders lean paint, Pres. Subjunct. 6 Idem 9 in i0 laerXmaii3 
* l erip£re, w. Dat. sibi 



_ 47 — 

Subjunctive after quo, quin. 
Syntax 201 — 204. 

Leges breves sunto, quo facillus teneantur. Nemo est, quia hoc 
intellegat. Numquain accedo, quia abs te abeam cloctlor. Epami- 
nondas non recusiivit, quomlnus legis poenam sublret. Dubitandum 
non est, quin numquam possit utilltas cum honestate contendere. 

68. Nothing is found in the whole world that has not been 
most wisely ordained 1 by God. Xerxes did not doubt that with 
his forces he would easily overcome the Greeks. There is no 
doubt that God rules the world. We never sin without our 
conscience reminding 2 us. There is no doubt that all the bad 
are wretched. What hinders us from everywhere practising 5 
virtue? The rain hinders us from walking. Nothing will pre- 
vent a good man from freely stating 4 his opinion. There is no 
man but knows that all things are ruled 5 by God. What 
prevented you from coming? Nothing is so difficult but that 
it can be found out by inquiring 6 . Nature has covered the 
trunks of trees with bark that they might be more secure from 
cold 7 and heat 7 . Old age does not hinder us from keeping up 8 
literary 9 studies even to the last moment of our life. A defect 
of speech did not hinder 10 Demosthenes from becoming the 
greatest orator. Aristippus did not hesitate to call pain the 
greatest evil. 

Mnstituere 2 monere 3 colere 4 dicere 6 Say: aU things to be ruled, omnia regj 
6 quaerendo (Abl. of Gerund.) 7 Plur. 8 tenere 9 literarum 10 offic€re w. Dat. 

Temporal Conjunctions. 

Syntax 205—210, 

Caesar, cum Pompejum apud Pharsalum vicisset, in Asiam trajg- 
cit. Is qui non defendit injuriam cum potest, injuste facit. Aegroto 
dum anima est, spes esse dicltur. Alexander paullisper exercltum 
consistere jussit, donee consideret pulvis. 

69. When we are in good health 1 , we easily give good ad- 
vice 2 to the sick. After bees have alighted on 3 flowers, they 
suck honey from 4 them. When Diogenes saw the splendid 
gates of the little city (of) Myndus, he said to the townspeople: 
Shut your gates lest your city move out 6 . We see the lightning 



— 48 — 

before we hear the thunder. The day before I came to London, 
my brother had departed for America. When the Roman am- 
bassadors said to Ariovistus, chief of the Germans, "Come to 
Caesar", he replied "Who is that Caesar? If (he) likes 6 , let 
him 7 come to me." Let boys be silent when wiser people speak. 
When Cicero was quaestor in Sicily, he discovered the tomb 
of Archimedes. Caesar after his violent death 8 lay lifeless some 
time, until three slaves carried 9 him home. Labor while you 
can that you may rest when you become 10 feeble. Fortune is 
like glass 11 ; at the very time 13 when it is bright, it is broken. 
When the Nile restrains 13 its overflow of waters, the Egyptians 
vainly expect 14 fertility of lands. Aristides lived in exile until 
he was recalled by his fellow-citizens. The Spartans were wont 
to consult the oracles before they went 15 to war. 

1 valere 2 ?lur. 3 m 4 ex 6 egrSdlor,-x 6 libet 7 ipse 8 nex, necis, violent 
death 9 referre 10 esse, Put. 11 vitreus, -a>, -iim, like glass 12 ttlm l3 Perfect 
14 sperare 15 proficisci 

Causal Conjunctions. 
Syntax 211 — 217. 

Mater irata est, quia non reclierim. Bene facis quod litteras vo- 
luptatibus anteponis. Quod mini de nuptlis filiae gratularis, agnosco 
humanitatem tuam. Quoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de magni- 
tucline pauca dicam. Non reprehendo: quippe cum ipse istam re- 
prehensionem non fugerim. 

70. He who forsakes you has never been your friend, be- 
cause true friendship never ceases. Since the soul of man is 
immortal, it can in no manner 1 perish. Those things which 2 
are to be done to-day, do to-day, since the morrow 3 is uncertain. 
(There are) many crimes (which) bad men do not commit, be- 
cause they fear that they may be punished. Why shall' I hear 
words since I see deeds? Zopyrus was laughed at 4 by the 
others, because he blamed vices in Socrates, which the latter 
had not. Many comets we do not see, because they are ob- 
scured by the rays of the sun. Men wonder at 5 eclipses of the 
sun, because they happen rarely, and they wonder at eclipses 
of the sun more than of the moon, since the latter are more 
frequent 6 . There was an immense number of captives whom 



— 49 — 

Hannibal sold since they were not redeemed by their folks. 
No one loves his country because it is great, but because it is 
his own. Cicero was called the father of his country, because 
by his 7 prudence and vigilance the conspiracy of Catiline had 
been detected. The Aeduans complained that Ariovistus had 
led a great army of Germans across the Rhine into Gaul. 

1 nullo m5d5 2 quae, those things which 3 dies crastlnus «deriderS ^mlrCr 
^ari «creb£r f -ra, -ru.m. 7 Say: of him 

Conditional Sentences. 
Syntax 218—224. 

Manent ingenia senibus, modo permanSat studium et industria. 
Si dies est, lucet. Si quis id fecerit, imprudentem eum dixeris. FacS- 
rem si possem. Si verum respondere velles, haec erant dicenda. 
Parvi sunt foris arma, nisi est consilium domi. Aequitas tollitur 
omnis, si suum cuique habere non licSat. 

71. You will be sad if you are 1 alone. If the masters of 
the houses are not at home, danger more easily threatens the 
houses 2 . Physicians if they could cure all diseases, would be 
very happy. Many neglect every thing 3 honorable and virt- 
uous 4 , provided they attain power. Provided we are sheltered 
and clothed against the storm, we care little for 5 ornament. 
If you dwell 6 near 7 a lame person, you will learn to limp. The 
Gauls suffer with an even mind all the outrages of war, pro- 
vided only they ward off the outrage of slavery. A countryman 
once hired a piece of land from Jupiter on this condition 8 that 
he should yield up to Jupiter half 9 of the fruits if the god would 
do every thing, would send rain, make a clear sky, send 
breezes, at his pleasure 10 . Laws were invented for no other 
reason 11 than that 12 citizens might be kept safe. If all people 13 
had collected their misfortunes into one place, each one would 
prefer to carry 14 his own back 14 home rather than accept his 
hears from 15 the common heap of miseries. An innocent person, 
if he is accused, can be acquitted; a guilty person, unless he 
shall have been accused, cannot be condemned. 

x Fut. 3 Dat 3 omnla 4 rect\is, -a, -tim *Acc. aSubjunct. ^juxta 8Abl. *&*' 
midta pars K>ad ipsius nutum, at his pleasure "nulla alia de causa "nisi ut 
w cuncti, alt people 14 reportare l ^e*Q$ 



— 50 — 

Concessive Conjunctions. 

Syntax 22s — 229. 

Licet fremant omnes, ego non taeebo. Quamquam festinas, non 
est mora longa. Nihilo minus eloquentlae studendum est, etsi ea 
quidam perverse abutuntur. Attlcus honores non petiit, cum ei 
paterent. 

72. No one, however rich he may be, can dispense with 1 
the help of others. A good man will not do what is base al- 
though it may bring 2 him money. Although the Romans were 
the conquerors of almost the whole world, nevertheless their 5 
greed was not yet satisfied. Beware 4 of telling a falsehood; for 
God hears every thing, although 5 men may not hear. Socrates 
although he was the most innocent of all men, nevertheless was 
accused and condemned. Although 6 truth obtains no patron 
or defender, yet it is defended by 7 itself. A dwarf is not great, 
although 6 he stand 8 on a mountain; a colossus will retain 9 its 
magnitude, even if 10 it stand 11 in a well. Though 6 ambition it- 
self be a fault, yet it is often a cause of virtues. Although the 
ground 12 was unfavorable 13 , nevertheless Caesar determined to 
attack the enemy. Granted that Rome was founded before the 
time of Romulus, nevertheless the Roman historians begin 
with 14 him. However full thy coffer may be, I do not consider 
thee rich while I see thee unsatisfied 15 . Though 16 glory may 
not 17 possess 18 anything 17 in itself, yet it follows virtue like 19 
(its) shadow. 

1 carere w. Abl. 2 afferre, Fut. 3 Say: of them 4 cavere ne 5 etsi 6 licet 'per 
^consisto, -or&, Perf. 9 servo, -arS 10 etTamsI 11 star5, Perf. 12 loc\is, -I 
13 iniqu-u.s, -a, -iiiu 14 a 15 inanxs, -e 16 etsl 17 nihH ^habere 19 tamqnam 

Comparative Conjunctions. 

Syntax 230. 231. 

Ita tibi rem commendo, tamquam si tua res agatur. Ut aurum 

igni, sic benevolentia fidelis periculo aliquo perspici potest. Metelli 

sperat sibi quisque forttinam, proinde quasi plures fortunati sint, 

quam infelices. 

73. Apelles, a very illustrious painter, had painted Alex- 
ander the Great on horseback 1 . The king praised the likeness 
less than it deserved. But when Alexander's horse neighed 



— 51 — 

to the painted horse as if it were a real steed, "Tour horse, 
king," said Apelles, "appears to be a better judge 2 of the art 
of painting than you (are 8 )". So live with men as if God saw 
you; so speak with God as if men heard you. We ought to 
live 4 as if we lived in the sight of all men. We should so think 5 
as if some one could look into our inmost breast. It is foolish 
in grief 6 to pluck out one's hair, as if sorrow 7 could be lessened 8 
by baldness. Like swallows in summer time, so false friends 
are at hand in the serene time of life. Xerxes sent 4000 armed 
men to Delphi to plunder 9 the temple of Apollo, as if he were 
carrying on war not only with the Greeks but with the immor- 
tal Gods. Many noble Romans, for instance Camillus, Curius 
Dentatus, Cincinnatus and others, cultivated their fields. My 
brother treats me as if I were a king. Virtuous men always 
act in such a manner 10 as if all (men) were looking at them. 
Those who injure 11 some 12 in order to be liberal towards others 12 , 
are guilty of 13 the same injustice as if they appropriated 14 other 
people's property. 

'SquTtans, -tis 2 perItTor, abetter judge 3 not to be translated 4 vivendum 
e-t 5 co£itandum est 6 luct\is, -Us 7 maeror, -oris 8 levo, -are 9 Say: 
who might plunder 10 sic "nocSo, -er§ 12 alTus ^guilty of = in the same in* 
justice u 'm suam rem aliena convertere, to appropriate other people 's property 



Relative Clauses with Subjunctive. 

Syntax 232 — 238. 

Pyrrlms ad Romanos legatum misit, qui pacem acquis condicio- 
nlbus peteret. Artaxerxes comparavit exercltum quera in Graeciam 
mitteret. Nulla vis tanta est, quae non debilitari possit. Ea est 
Roraana gens, quae victa quiescere nesclat. 

74. You may read a good book again and again; but 
many books do not deserve 1 to be read a second time. Words 
were devised not to conceal but to reveal truth. There is no 
speed which can be compared with the speed of the mind. 
Nothing is so useful that it cannot become hurtful by abuse. 
There is no grief which length of time may not diminish and 
assuage. There is nothing which God cannot accomplish and 
indeed without any 2 labor. What lurking place is there Into 



— . 52 — . 

which the fear of death may not enter! There have been many 
found who were ready to give up 3 not only their money but 
even life for their country. There are some who seek 4 money 
more ardently than learning. There is no one who hates him. 
self. There is hardly a 5 night during which 6 we may not dream. 
The old man plants trees to benefit 7 the next generation. Aris- 
tides was expelled by the Athenians, because he was called the 
Just in preference 8 to others 9 . Caesar gave rewards to brave 
soldiers, that they might defend more bravely what they had 
acquired. 

'non satis digni sunt 2 ullus 3 profundere 4 appet&re 5 nulla fere 6 qua 'Say: 
which may benefit 8 praeter 9 ceterl, -ae, -jL 

75. If there is anything which feels neither pleasure nor 
pain, that cannot be an animal. The government of the world 
has nothing in it 1 that can be found fault with 2 . If you wish 3 
to compare riches with virtue, riches will appear hardly fit 4 to 
be the waiting-maid of virtue. Caninius was (a man) of won- 
derful wakefulness 5 , since during his whole consulship he did 
not see sleep. Nero was given to 6 uncommon luxury since he 
fished with golden nets. King Philip called in Aristotle (to 
be) the teacher of his son Alexander that he 7 might receive 
from him both rules for 8 acting and speaking. The losses of 
reputation and credit are greater than can be estimated. There 
is none of all whom I now wish to see more than you. Laws 
have been invented that they 7 might speak with aS in one and 
the same language 9 . In all times fewer have been found who 
conquered their desires than the forces of the enemy. Although 
Aristides distinguished himself so much 10 in moderation 11 , that 
he alone, as far as we have heard, was surnamed 1 - the Just, 
yet he was punished with an exile of ten years. I fear I shall 
increase the labor while I wish to diminish it. There is nothing 
that cannot be bought if you will give as much as the seller 
wants. There is nothing more disgraceful than to carry on 
war with those with whom you have lived on intimate terms 13 . 

^e 2 reprehendero ^ellS, Fut. 4 vix satis idor.gus, hardly fit 5 Abl. of quality 
6 gwen to == of, Gen. of quality 'that he = qui 8 Sen. Gerund. 9 vox, Abl. 
i°£deo "Abl. without Prep. ,2 cognomine appellare 13 famIlTariter 



— 53 — 

Imperative. 

Syntax 240 — 245. 

Die cur hie. Cura, ut valeas. Apud judices vera loquitor. Nihil 
gratiae causa feceris. Puer ne telum habeat Nocturna sacrificia 
ne sunto. Noli me tangere. Cave credas. Fac ne quid aliud cures. 

76. Pray and work. Get up, boys, right early in the 
morning 1 . Learn or depart 2 . Philip, king of the Macedonians, 
used to say: Fight with silver weapons, and you will conquer 
every thing. Attalus, king of the Pergameans, left this will: 
The Roman people shall be the heir of my goods. Let the 
other 3 side also 4 be heard. A good book you should read a 
second time. Reverence God ? reverence (your) parents and 
those whom nature has given you in place 5 of (your) parents. 
Do not admire all things which have a show of glory. Let us 
imitate the example of Christ who blessed his very enemies. 
Look to 6 the mind of a man, not his forehead. Let no one de- 
spair, God will give to every one what will benefit him most. 
Of 7 two evils choose 8 the less* of two vices neither. Do not 
put off a pressing affair till 9 to-morrow 10 . Let the right hand 
carry the sword, the other display 11 peace. Add not fire to 
fire. Be ye not 12 disheartened 13 even 20 in the greatest danger! 
The conqueror should spare the enemy. Let there be a sound 
mind in a sound body. Before old age take care 14 that you 
live well, in old age, that you die well. 

M^enc mane , right early in the morning 2 disccdere 3 alter 4 et 5 loco 6 spec- 
tare 7 e, ex 8 eligerc ^n w. Ace. 10 die3 crastinus u monstrare 12 ne . . quldem, 
not even 13 anTmos dimittere, to be disheartened 14 curare 

Infinitive. 

Syntax 246 — 250. 

Imperare sibi maximum est imperium. Necesse est mori. Non 
esse cupidum pecunia est. Omnes homines student beati fieri. 

77. It is easy to do harm, difficult to do good. It is the 
first virtue to fly vice. To dwell in the city is irksome to him 
who has been accustomed to live in the country. It is beauti- 
ful to speak the truth 1 , it is more beautiful to hear (it) will- 
ingly. To die is not to perish. All who wish to live according 



— 54 — 

to nature, will obey 2 divine and human law. If you wish to 
subject all things to yourself, subject yourself to reason. It is 
mean to prefer money to friendship. He who has accustomed 
himself to lie, will easily steal. I have never wished to please 
the people 3 , for what I know the people do not approve, what 
they approve I am ignorant of. To lose a friend is the greatest 
of losses. Yery many cannot govern their passions, and yet 
they wish to rule others. Life itself teaches very many to be 
wise. Nothing is more miserable than on account of money 4 
to despise God. I have often been sorry for having spoken, 
for having been silent, never. All who wish to transact 5 great 
affairs 6 are accustomed to think long. All men strive for 7 
liberty, but not all have learned to be free. It is better a 
thousand times to perish than not to be able to live in one's 
own state without a guard of armed men. To be content with 
one's own possessions 8 is the greatest riches. It is always ad- 
vantageous 9 to be a good man, because it is always honorable. 

Weriim, -I 2 parere, w. Dat. 3 populus 4 nummi, -drum. 5 agere 6 ne- 
gotiiim., -I 7 petere, to strive for 8 res 9u tills, -e 

Accusative with the Infinitive. (Subject) 

Syntax 254. 

Yerum est amicitiam nisi inter bonos esse non posse. Omnibus 
bonis expedit salvam esse rempublicam. Legem brevem esse oportet. 
Constat ad salutem civium inventas esse leges. Illis timidis et igna- 
vis licet esse. 

78. It is certain that children are loved by (their) parents. 
It is agreed that laws were invented for the safety of citizens. 
It is true that upon this earth no one is always happy. It can 
easily be understood that the mind both hears and sees, and 
not those parts which are, as it were 1 , the windows of the 
mind. A liar should 2 have a good memory 3 . It can be truly 4 
said that a magistrate is a speaking law, but a law a mute 
magistrate. It is agreed among all writers that Romulus was 
the first king of the Romans. It is handed down 5 to us by the 
poets that a woman was the cause of the Trojan war. It is 
known that the Romans were often conquered by Hannibal. 



— 55 — 

It is probable that most 6 stars are suns. It is certain that 
the world is the work of God. It is a crime for 7 children 
to be ungrateful towards (their) parents. It is evident that 
nobody is without faults. To have been rich is a small con- 
solation. It was not lawful 8 for a patrician to be made 
tribune of the people. It was known that Caesar would make 
war 9 upon theBritons. It is right that a victor spare the van- 
quished. 

1 quasi, as it were 2 oportet 3 memorem esse, to have a good memory 4 vere 
stradere 6 plenque 7 Acc. 8 licet 9 bellum inferre alicui 

79. How foolish it is to trust too much to prosperity! It 
is credible that the world was made for the sake of men. It 
becomes all men who consult about 1 doubtful affairs to be free 2 
from anger and partiality. It is necessary that the world be 
governed by God. It is well known that the inhabitants of 
the Balearic Islands implored the aid of the Roman army 
against an excessive multitude of rabbits. It is more difficult 
to bear wisely good fortune than bad 3 . It has never been 
heard that a crocodile was injured by an Egyptian. Certain 
it is that many people die daily. There is a story that Remus, 
in mockery 4 of his brother, leaped across the new walls of Rome. 
It is fitting 5 that a narrative should have three things 6 : that 7 it 
be short, clear and probable. It is well known that all Sicily 
had been anciently dedicated to Ceres and Proserpina. Noth- 
ing is more difficult for friendship 8 than to continue down to 9 
the last day of life. It is necessary that every mortal body 
should perish some time 10 . Would it not 11 be better 12 for you 8 
to be dumb than to be eloquent to 13 the ruin of others? It con- 
cerns me much that you all should be good boys. It is becom- 
ing that our country should be dearer to us than our very 
selves 14 . It is an excellent precept of wisdom, that each one 
of us ought 15 to have a greater regard 16 for that time 17 which 
will follow 18 after our death than for that short and scanty 
(time) which 19 we have in this life. 

1 de 2 vacuus, w. Abl. 3 Say: good than bad fortune 4 Dat. 5 convenit 6 tr!a 
7 ut 8 Acc. s usquS £d 10 aliquo tempSre 11 nonne 12 praestat 13 in, w. Ace. 
14 nosmet ipsi 15 debere 16 cura 17 Gen. 18 consequi 19 quo 



— 56 — 

Accusative with the Infinitive. (Object) 

Syntax 255. 
Spero me mox rediturum esse. Alexander dicebat se filium Jovis 
esse. Sentlmus calgre ignem, nivem esse albam, dulce mel. Or- 
pheum poStam docet Aristoteles numquam fuisse. 

SO. I know that I am mortal. We know that we are mor- 
tal. We know that the sun is larger than the moon. You see 
that there is nothing so like death than sleep. Who has not 
heard that the Romans were conquered by Hannibal near 1 
Cannae? We know that the sun is very far 2 distant from the 
earth. Anaxagoras denied that snow is white. We see that 
fire is the cause of heat. We see that the moon is sometimes 
eclipsed by the shadow of the earth. All believe that the 
knowledge of future things is not very 3 useful to us. History 
relates that Rome was founded by Romulus. Every body con- 
siders his own misfortune 4 the most grievous 5 . We see that 
death is common to every age; still 6 a youth hopes that he will 
live long which he 7 cannot hope for (when 8 ) old. Know you 
not that kings have long hands? Experience teaches that our 
life is subject to many dangers. We know that the alternation 9 
of day and night is caused by the revolution 10 of the earth 
around its axis. Demaratus informed 11 the Lacedaemonians by 
letter that Xerxes was getting ready for war 12 . There is no 
hope of his returning soon. You have never heard that fools 
are pleasing to sensible people. Who will deny that virtue is 
the greatest riches? 

Japud 2 longissime 3 parum, not very 4 calam!ta,s, -artis 5 miser, -a, 
-■Q-in. 6 at 'Idem 8 not to be translated 9 vicissitudS, -In Is 10 motiis, -us 
11 certiorem fac&re 12 bellum parare 

Use of the Infinitive after Verbs of Declaring 

and Perceiving. 

Syntax 256 — 258. 

Credo eum scribere; eredsbam eum scribSre. Credo eum scrip- 

sisse; credebam eum scripsisse. Credo eum scripturum esse; crede- 

bam eum scripturum esse. Romani putabant fore ut Galli vincerentur. 

81. The ancient Greeks and Romans thought there were 
many gods. We perceive by the touch that stones are hard. 



— 57 — 

Alexander hearing that Dareus was raising 1 immense 2 bodies 8 
of soldiers, said: One wolf is not afraid of many sheep. Aris- 
totle asserts 4 that there never was a poet Orpheus. Most 
people 5 say that their own dangers are nearer to them than 
those of others 6 . Solon said that before death no one ought to 
be called 7 happy. Many Romans believed that Germany could 
not be inhabited 8 on account of the cold. Who does not know 
that griefs 9 are assuaged by tears? They say that Romulus 
was brought up among shepherds. Lucilius says that Crassus 
once laughed in (his) life. The Epicureans said that nothing 
was better 10 than a life of ease 11 . Socrates used to say that 
the appetizer of food was hunger, of drink thirst. The oracle 
of Delphi said that Socrates was the wisest of all men. Caesar 
and Tacitus write that the Germans were of immense bodily 12 
stature. Caesar found that most 13 (of) the Belgians were 
sprung 14 from 15 the Germans and anciently brought across 16 the 
Rhine. Herodotus says that by the Persians nothing was 
judged baser 17 than lying. 

2 parare 2 innumerabiiis, -o 3 copiae 4 docere 5 plurimi 6 alienus 'Gerundive 
8 incolere 9 dolor 10 praestabills, -e 11 otios\is, -a, -"dm. 12 Say: of the body 
13 plerique l4 orior, -Irx 15 a 16 transduco, -er6 17 turpls, -e 

Accusative with the Infinitive after Verbs of 

Will and Desire. 

Syntax 259 — 261. 

Cupio me non dissolutum videri. Milites quod jussi sunt faclunt. 
Lex recte facere jubet, vetat delinquere. Meum factum abs te pro- 
bari gaudeo. 

82. A youth commonly 1 hopes that he will live long. In 
war times we hope that the good cause shall at length 2 triumph. 
Croesus, king of Lydia, ordered all his treasures to be shown to 
Solon. Xerxes ordered the sea to be scourged 3 . Your parents 
wish you to be diligent and pious, they do not wish you to 
have bad friends. We hope that from this life we shall go 4 to 
another and happier life. Nature herself bids us to be thank- 
ful. All wish to live happily. You promised to come, but you 
did not come. Remember that you will die, One 5 pf the con-. 



— 58 — 

suls was ordered to go with an army to Africa. The Romans 
ordered the Carthaginians to leave the town and to live some- 
where else 6 . The thirty tyrants caused the best citizens of 
Athens to be thrown 7 into prison. We rejoice that our country 
is saved from those perils. I have often wondered that the 
countless army of the Persians was vanquished by the small 
handful 8 of Greeks. The Pythian Apollo bids us know our- 
selves. The father forbids his son to come into his sight 9 . 
Your teachers praise you for 10 learning so diligently. The 
Egyptians believed that the souls migrated from 11 the bodies of 
men into the bodies of animals. 

1 plerumque 2 tandem 3 flagellis caedere 4 venire ""alter GaTicubi 7 conjicere 
8 mSniis, -us 9 conspect"us, -tis 10 quod n ex 



Nominative with the Infinitive. 
Syntax 262 — 267. 

Adesse equites nuntiabantur. Omnibus videmur recte fecisse, 
quod amici causam defenderimus. Ne fando quiclem auditum est 
erocodllum aut ibim aut felem violatam esse ab Aegyptio. Te sus- 
picor iisclem rebus, quibus me ipsum, comrnovGri. 

83. Xanthippe, the wife of Socrates, is said to have been 
cross and quarrelsome in a high degree. Lycurgus persuaded 
the Lacedaemonians that he had received his laws from Apollo. 
It seems as if Sicily was once joined 1 to Italy. They say that 
Plato came to Italy to 2 make the acquaintance 3 of the Pytha- 
goreans. The Phoenicians it is said were very experienced 
sailors. Philip, king of the Macedonians, used to say 4 that all 
forts could be captured into which only 5 a donkey laden with 
gold could climb up. Most people love those friends most from 6 
whom they hope they will gain 7 the greatest advantage 8 . Ceres 
is said to have first taught men the use of corn, Tacitus who 
has most accurately described the manners of the Germans and 
the situation of their country, is believed to narrate not only 
what he heard 9 but also what he himself saw 10 . Thales of Mile- 
tus is said to have first predicted an eclipse of the sun. A 
miser is grieved 11 that his neighbor is richer than himself. 



— 59 — 

Homer is said to have lived in the time 12 of Lycurgus. The 
discipline of the Druids is supposed to have been devised in 
Britain and hence brought across 13 into Gaul. 

1 adhaerere, to be joined 2 ut 3 cognoscere 4 Imperf. 5 mod5 6 ex 7 capere 
8fruet\is, -lis 9 audita, -orUm, what he heard 1( ?Perf. Subjunct. n aegre 
patl 12 Plur. 13 transferre 



Simple Questions. 

Syntax 268 — 275. 

Quis non paupertatem extimescit? Unde dejectus est Cinna? ex 
urbe. Quare vitia sua nemo confitetur? Potestne hie tacere? Num 
vespertilio avis est? Nonne poetae post mortem nobilitari volunt? 
Numquid duas habetis patrlas? 

84. What is the sun? Is not iron far more useful than 
gold? Is the body mortal? Is the soul immortal? Is gold 
more excellent than wisdom? Are crocodiles fishes? Do we 
not owe the greatest thanks to our parents? Why were you 
not in school yesterday? Were you sick? Is man alone on 
this earth endowed with reason? Where are those who have 
been in the world before us? Shall a wise man be wretched 
when he is poor? Were you in school when I was at your 
house yesterday? Who was more eloquent than Demosthenes? 
What is sweeter than honey? To whom have 3 r ou lent your 
book? How many years did Alexander the Great reign? Of 
what parts 1 does man consist 2 ? In what year did the first 
Punic war break out 3 ? Are they worthy of life who do nothing 
praiseworthy? Is each one the 4 happier the 4 richer he is? Are 
they all cowards who are taken in battle? Did the Athenians 
do right 5 in driving 6 Aristides from the state? Does anybody 
be angry with boys 7 whose age does not yet know 8 the dis- 
tinctions 9 of things? If a father should try 10 to betray his 
country, will the son be silent? Where or of what sort 10 is 
your mind? Can you tell? 

1 Abl. 2 constare 3 exardesco, -&r8 4 eo . . quo 5 recte facSrg GSay: that they 
drove 7 Dat. 8 novx, -issS ^discrlm^n, -xixis *°conor, -arx, Fut, 
"qualxs, -S 



— 60 — 

Disjunctive Questions. 

Syntax 276—280. 

Yosne Domitium, an Domitius vos deserfiit? Utrura hoc tu parum 

meministi, an ego non satis intellexi? Quid istic tibi negotii est? 

Mihine? Ita. — Estne frater intus? Non est. — Die, quaeso, tune 

es Myconius ? Non sum. 

85. Is the sun or the moon the greater? Whether is gold 
or silver the heavier? Have you been at home or at school? 
Have you been at home or not? Is the bat a bird? By no 
means. — Does not the perusal of this book delight you? It 
delights me, indeed. — Is there anything more excellent 1 than 
virtue? Nothing, indeed. — Is the sun larger or smaller than 
the earth? Is the mind immortal, or will it perish together 
with the body? Are you laughing or crying? Is this your 
house? Yes. — Is the world governed by the providence of 
God or by chance? Does wisdom alone make us happy or not? 
Do not men often despise the better 2 ? Did you read the book 
which I sent you the other day 8 ? No, I did not. Did you 
write this letter or your brother? All wicked men are slaves 4 ; 
or is he free who is a slave 5 to his lust? Don't you see the 
large flock of sheep in our meadow? Yes, I see the sheep, and 
the dog, but no shepherd. Are we not children of one parent? 
Certainly. How long have you been in the city, my friends? 
Six days. Are these your words or not? Is Fabricius un- 
happy because he himself digs his own ground 6 ? Was your 
friend in need 7 ? Nay 8 , he was wealthy. 

1 praeclar\is, -H, -um 2 meliora/, -lim. 3 nupSr, the other day 4 serviis, 
-I 6 servlre, to be a slave 6 rus, runs ieg&<S } -erS 8 immo 

Indirect Questions. 
Syntax 239. 275. 276. 

Nescio num pater domi sit. Dubito, num idem tibi suadere quod 
mini debeam. Quaeritur, utrum Carthago diruatur, an Carthagi- 
niensibus reddatur, an colonia eo deducatur. Disce quid sit vivere. 
Dii utrum sint, necne sint quaeritur. 

86. Charles, bring me word 1 whether your brother is at 
home, The mind itself does not know what the mind is, Where 



— 61 — 

have you been? Tell me whether you were in school yester- 
day? Your father does not know where you have been. It is 
doubtful whether he is a good 2 man or a bad one. In former 
times it was a question whether the earth was round. It is 
uncertain how long the life of every one of us will be. People 
do not understand how great an income 5 frugality is. All ask 
if he be rich, no one if he be good. It is uncertain what shall 
be to-morrow. How long man shall be on earth is unknown to 
him. Whether the* number of stars be even or odd is uncer- 
tain. Which 4 of you is the older? I do not know which of 
you is the older. Why did you not come to me? Tell me why 
did you not come to me. Will the physician ask a sick person 
whether he will 5 be healed? Tell me does it hail in summer or 
in winter? Whether or not wisdom makes men happy is a 
question 6 . It makes great difference 7 whether an injury was 
done by chance or on purpose 8 . It is uncertain in what place 
death is looking for 9 you; therefore 10 do you look for it in every 
place. Is there one world or several 11 ? The question is whether 
there is one world or several. 

1 renuntiare 2 probus 3 vect!gal 4 uter 5 velle 6 quaeritur, it is a question 
7 multum interest, it makes great difference 8 de industria 9 exspectare 10 itaque 
n plures 

87. Xenocrates when he was asked why he was almost al- 
ways silent replied: Because I have been sorry 1 sometimes 2 for 
having spoken, for having been silent never. Thales being 
asked what was most 3 common to men replied: Hope, for even 
they have that who (have 4 ) nothing else. Who has read this 
book? Tell (me 4 ) who has read this book. Is it not plain 5 that 
this whole world is governed by God? It can hardly be told 
with how many and how great dangers human life is sur- 
rounded 6 . Judges are accustomed to ask the defendants by 
what causes they were driven 7 to 8 those crimes of which they 
are accused. Can the fish love the angler? Are you so foolish 
that you should believe all these things to have been made by 
chance? It is uncertain what each night or day may bring 
forth. The magnet is a stone which lures 9 and attracts 10 iron ; 
the reason, why it happens I cannot tell 11 ; that it actually 18 



_ 62 — 

happens you will not deny. Many tribes do not know why the 
moon is eclipsed 13 . Alexander's friends asked him 14 whom he 
made heir of the throne. I am inclined to think 15 that Hanni- 
bal was more wonderful in adversity than in prosperity. It is 
asked whether virtue can be secured 16 by nature or by educa- 
tion 1 '. Faustulus compelled by necessity, informed Romulus 
who was (his) grandfather, who (his) mother. We will con- 
sider what he has done, what he is doing ; what he is going 
to do. 

1 paenitet %liquando 3 maxTme 4 not to be translated 5 perspicuus 6 circum- 

dare (Perf.) 7 impellere 8 ad 9 allicere 10 ad se attrah&re n afferre 12 omnino 

13 deficere, to be eclipsed 14 Say: the friends asked Alexander 15 haud scio an 
16 efficere ^doctrlna. 

OratlO recta. Syntax 281. 

SS. A certain man flogged his servant principally on ac- 
count of his laziness. The latter began to cry out : ' Why do 
you flog me? I have done nothing.' ' — "Exactly for this very 
reason 1 1 flog you", replies the master, "because 2 you have 
done nothing." 

propter id ipsum, for this very reason 2 quod 

An ant in winter time dragged from her hole the grains 
which she had prudently 1 collected in summer and was drying 
them. A hungry cricket asked her to 2 share 3 something with 
him 4 , to whom the ant said: "What were you doing in the 
summer?" Then the other answered: "I had no time 5 to 6 think 
of * the future, I roved about chirruping among 8 the hedges 
and pastures." The ant laughing and carrying the grains 
back spoke thus: "If you chirruped in summer, go 9 dance now 
in winter." 

1 Adject. 2 ut 3 impertire 4 Dat 6 otmm est 6 ut ?de 8 P&* 9 age 

A lion stricken in years 1 feigned sickness. Then several 
beasts came to 2 visit the sick king who immediately devoured 
them. But the wily fox stood before the cave at a distance 
saluting the king. The lion asked: "Why do you not enter?" 
The fox replied: "Because I see many footsteps of those 3 en- 
tering, but none of those 3 departing." 

} Abl. 2 M w, Ace. Gerundive 3 not to be translated 



— 63 — 

89. A gnat perched 1 on the horn of a bull said: "If I op- 
press you by my weight 2 , I will fly off immediately 3 . " But the 
bull replied: "It is no matter 4 to me whether you stay or fly 
off, for I have not felt you at all 5 . 

Jsedens 2 raoles, -Is 3 protinus 4 nihil interest 5 prorsus. 

A cuckoo questioned a starling which had flown from the 
o^uj: "What do people say of my song? What of the nightin- 
gale?" — "They praise the song of the nightingale most par- 
ticularly", says the starling. "What about the lark?" — "A 
great many 1 praise its 2 song also," answers the starling. "And 
what do they say about the quail?" — "Some also are de- 
lighted with its voice." — "What, pray 3 ," asks the cuckoo, 
"do they think of me?" — "That," replied the starling, "I 
cannot say, for nobody makes mention of you." The cuckoo 
angry says: "Therefore, I will always speak of myself 4 . 

^ermulti 2 liic 3 tandem 4 de me ipse. 

Aristides, among the Athenians, and Epaminondas among 
the Thebans, are said to have been such lovers 1 of truth that 
they never told a lie even in jest. Atticus, likewise, with whom 
Cicero lived in the greatest intimacy, never told nor could bear 2 
a lie. "I hate the man", Achilles used to say, "as much as I do* 
the gates of Pluto, who says one thing 4 and thinks another 4 ." 
— "Liars", Aristotle was wont to observe, "gain 5 this, that 
when they have spoken the truth, they are not believed 6 ." 

*adeo amans £ pati 3 aequeac, as much as I do 4 alitid. .aliud 5 consequi e Say: 
it is not believed to them. 

Oratlo Obliqua. 

Syntax 282 — 283. 
Apud Hypanim fluvium, inquit Apud Hypanim fluvium Ari- 

Aristoteles, bestiolae quaedam stoteles ait bestiolas quasdam 
nascuntur, quae unum diem vivunt. nasci, quae unum diem vivant. 

90. Bitter enemies deserve Cato used to say that bitter 
better of 1 some people than enemies deserved better of 
those friends who seem obli- some people than those friends 
ging; the former 2 oiten tell the who seemed obliging, that the 
truth, the latter 2 never, former often told the truth, 

the latter never. 



— 64 — 

Scipio when he was styled Scipio when he was styled 
king by the Spaniards said: king by the Spaniards said 
"The name of general which 3 that the name of general which 
my soldiers have called me, is the soldiers called him, was to 
to me the greatest; the kingly him the greatest, the kingly 
name, elsewhere great, is intol- name, elsewhere great, was 
erable at Rome; I beseech you intolerable at Rome; he be- 
to 4 abstain from the appellation sought them to abstain from 
of king. the appellation of king. 

Diogenes used to boast how Diogenes used- to boast how 

much 5 he excelled even 6 the much he excelled even the king 

king of Persia in happiness, of Persia in happiness (by say- 

"To me", says he, "nothing is ing) that to himself nothing 

wanting, to him nothing will was wanting, to the king 

be ever enough; I do not de- nothing would be enough; that 

sire his pleasures, he can in he did not desire the king's 

no manner attain 7 to mine.'' pleasures, and the king could 

in no manner attain to his. 

Tiberius wrote to the gover- Tiberius wrote to the go- 

nors of the provinces the follow- vernors of the provinces that it 

ing 8 : It is the duty of a good was the duty of a good shep- 

shepherd to shear, not to skin, herd to shear, not to skin, his 

his sheep. sheep. 

] de 2 ille. .hie 3 quo 4 ut 5 quanto 6 ipse 7 consequi, to attain to 8 haec 

OratTo obliqua into oratlo recta. 

91. Inter alia clara somnia tradltur hoc: cum duo quidam 
Arcades familiares iter facerent, et Megaram venissent, alte- 
ram ad cauponem devertisse, ad hospitem alterum. Qui ut 
cenati quiescerent visum esse in somnlis ei, qui erat in hospi- 
tio, ilium alterum orare ut subvenlret, quod sibi a caupone in- 
teritus pararetur; eum primo perterritum somnio surrexisse; 
dein cum se collegisset, idque visum pro nihilo habendum esse 
duxisset, recubuisse; turn ei dormienti eundem ilium visum 
esse rogare, ut quoniam sibi vivo non subvenisset, mortem 
suam ne inuitam esse pateretur; se interfectum in plaustrum 
a caupone esse conjectum, et supra stercus injectum; petere 



— 65 — 

ut mane ad portam adesset priusquam plaustrum ex oppido 
exiret. Hoc vero eum somnio coinmotum, mane bubulco prae- 
sto ad portam fuisse; quaesisse ex eo, quid esset in plaustro; 
ilium perterritum fugisse, mortuum erutum esse; cauponem 
re patefacta poenas dedisse, 

Matrem Phalaridis scribit Pontius Heraclides, doctus vir, 
auditor et discipulus Platonis, visam esse videre in somnis 
simulacra deorum, quae ipsa domi consecravisset: ex hisMer- 
curium e patera, quam dextra manu teneret, sangumem visum 
esse fundere: qui cum terrain attigisset refervescere videretur 
sic ut tota domus sanguine redundaret. 

Quod matris somnium immanis filii crudelitas comprobavit. 

Hannibalem Caelius scribit, cum columnam auream, quae 
esset in fano Junonis Laciniae auferre vellet, dubitaretque 
utrum ea solida esset, an extrinsecus inaurata, perterebravisse, 
cumque solidam invenisset, statuissetque tollere, ei secundum 
quietem visam esse Junonem praedicere, ne id faceret, mina- 
rlque si fecisset, se curaturam ut eum quoque ociilum, quo 
bene videret, amitteret; idque ab homine acuto non esse 
neglectum. Itaque ex eo auro, quod exterebratum esset, 
buculam curasse faciendam, et earn in summa columna 
collocavisse. 

Apud Agathoclem scriptum in historta est, Hamilcarem 
Carthaginiensem, cum oppugnaret Syracusas, visum esse au- 
dire vocem, se postridie cenattirum Syracusis. cum autem is 
dies illuxisset, magnam seditionem in castris ejus inter Poenos 
et Siciilos milites esse factam; quod cum sensissent Syracusani, 
improviso eos in castra irrupisse, Hamilcaremque ab iis vi- 
vum esse sublatum. 

Ita res somnium comprobavit. 

OratTo recta into oratio obliqua. 

92. Ubi ad fines Scytharum pervenit Alexander, unus ex 
eorum legatis haec inter alia multa dixit: 

Quid nobis tecum est? Numquam terrain tuam attigimus. 
Annon licet nobis, qui in vastis silvis vivimus, ignorare quis 



— 66 — 

sis, et uncle venias. Nee servire ulli possiimus, nee imperare 
desiderainus. Major fortiorque es fortasse quam quisquam, 
tamen alienigenam dominum pati nemo vult. Tu, qui te gloria- 
ris ad latrones persequendos venisse, ipse omnium gen- 
tium latro es. Lydiam cepisti, Syriam occupasti; Persidem 
tenes, Indos petisti, jam etiam ad pecora nostra avaras 
manus porrigis. Quid tibi divitiis opus est, quae te esurlre 
cogunt, ita ut, quo plura habes, eo acrius cupias, quae non 
habes? Denique si deus es, tribuere mortalibus beneficia 
debes, non sua eripere; sin homo es, id quod es. semper esse 
te hominem cogita. 

Cum Astyagi mirum videretur.. quod Cyrus puor, pincer- 
nam Sacam egregie imitatus in porrigendo sibi pociilo ad bi- 
bendum, non praegustasset vinum, ut ille solebat, causam ab 
eo quaeslvit. Cui Cyrus: 

Metuebam, inquit, ne vino admistum venenum esset. Nam 
cum tu nuper die natali amlcos convivio exeiperes, Sacam 
istum venenum vobis infudisse animadverti. Videbam vos nee 
animis nee corporibus constare. Quae nos pueros facere veta- 
tis, ea faciebatis ipsi; omnes simul vociferabammi, neque quis- 
quam, quid ab altero diceretur, attendebat. Cantabatis ridi- 
cule admodum, jurabatis tamen cantum ilium esse optimum. 
Quin etiam, cum surrexissetis ad saltandum, non modo non 
saltare ad numeros, sed ne recte quidem stare poteratis, pror- 
susque obliti eratis, et tu et illi, regem esse te. 

Turn Astyages: An vero, inquit, flli mi, pater tuus cum bi- 
bit, non fit ebrius ? — Numquam profecto, respondit ille, sitlre 
enim tantum desinit. 

Amasim, Aegyptiorum regem, cum admonerent amici, eum 
parum e regia dignitate facere, quod inter epiilas jocaretur: 

Qui, inquit, arcum habent, eum, cum est opus, intendunt, 
mox remittunt: si enim perpetuo intentus sit, frangatur necesse 
est, ita ut eo amplms uti non possint. Eadem est hominis 
ratio. Si assidue serla tractare et nihil sibi ad lusum indul- 
gere velit, sensim membris aut ammo captus fiet, 



— G7 — 

Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns. 

Syntax 284 — 288. 
Deum testantur opera sua. Ubii orabant, ut Caesar sibi auxilmm 
ferret. Caesar se ad suos recepit. Ariovistus ait neminem secum 
sine sua pernicie contendisse. 

93. Alcibiades carried on war not against his country, but 
against his enemies. His good fortune accompanied Caesar 
into Spain. I expect the father with his sons. Many through 
tedium 1 of life have brought death upon themselves 2 . Cato 
stabbed himself in the breast 8 with (his) sword. Physicians 
cannot heal themselves. Hannibal's own countrymen drove 
him from the state. A fight has its end when the foe is down 4 . 
By 5 his works we recognize God who confers benefits on every 
one 6 . Tiberius Gracchus and his brother were killed by the 
senators. Cicero himself relates 7 that the tomb of Archimedes 
was found by him. When Solon was asked why he had ap- 
pointed 8 no punishment for 9 him who should have killed a 
parent, he replied that he thought no one would do that. Who 
is there that although he be young, knows 110 he will live till 
evening? Antoninus Pius had this celebrated sentence of Scipio 
often in (his) mouth that he had rather save one citizen than slay 
a thousand enemies. To Fabia Dolabella saying that she was 11 
thirty years old, "it is true" replied Cicero, a for I am hearing 
that now these 20 years 12 ". Caesar declared that he had con- 
quered not for himself, but for (his) country. Caesar's friends de- 
clared that he had conquered not for himself, but for (his) coun- 
try. After the battle of Allia 13 a great number of Romans fled 
to Veii, where they thought that they were safer 14 than at Rome. 

] Abl. 2 Dat. 3 Say: to himself the breast 4 jacere, to be down 5 ex 6 Dat. 7 nar- 
rare 8 constituere 9 in w. Ace. 10 Subiunct. "habere 12 jam viginti annos, now 
these 20 years 13 AlliensIs, -e 14 tut\is.-a, -iim 

Participial Sentences. 

Syntax 297. 
Caesar laudavit milites fortiter pugnantes. Caesar auxilium tulit 
urbi ab hostibus obsessae. Quocunque te flexeris, ibi Deum videbis 
occurrentem tibi. 

94. The master punishes the scholars who learn carelessly. 
Get yourself 1 riches which will last forever. The happiness of 



— 68 — 

a man who is still 2 living is not less uncertain and doubtful than 
the victory of a soldier who is still fighting. The examples of 
varying fortune are innumerable. The lion, being hungry, 
roars. A bow too much 3 bent 4 is broken. No one who looks 
at 6 the whole earth, can doubt of 6 the divine providence. A 
wise man gives with the greatest consideration choosing 7 the 
worthiest. Clouds are formed 8 from 9 vapors which ascend into 
the air. An opportunity once lost 10 will never return. The 
mind of him 11 who does evil 62 is never free 63 from fear. The 
body of one 11 who sleeps lies like 14 that 11 of one dead, but the 
mind lives. Flatterers do not praise less what should be 
blamed 15 than what is praiseworthy. Alexander called the city 
which he had founded 16 , Alexandria. It is the way of timid 
people to fear those things which ought not to be feared 15 . 
Four hundred cavalry of the Helvetians fighting bravely put to 
flight four thousand of the Romans. He who has been struck 
by lightning does not see the flash of lightning. All the reme- 
dies you have applied 17 sometimes do the sick more harm than 
good. Misers hide in chests their money which they have 
scraped together 18 from every quarter. 

1 sibi parare 2 adliuc 3 nimium 4 tendere 6 intueri 6 de 'eligere %asci 9 ex 

10 praetermittere J1 not to be translated 12 male agere 13 sine u ut 15 Gerundive 

16 Say: founded by him (se) 17 Perf. Part., which have been applied lii which has 
been swaped together. 

Syntax 298. 

Alexander moriens anulum suum dederat Perdiccae. Quis potest, 
mortem metiiens, beatus esse? Socratis morti illacrimare soleo, 
Platonem legens. Eomani, complurtbus proeliis ab Hasdrubale fu- 
gati, tamen spem salutis non amiserunt. 

95. Plato died while writing in the 81st year of (his) life. 
While sitting I plucked these grapes. Lions when satiated and 
not provoked are perfectly harmless. The nightingale sings 
while sitting, the lark during flight 1 . Word was brought* to 
Cincinnatus while plowing that he had been made dictator. 
Hannibal having been made commander subdued in war 8 all 
the tribes of Spain. Boys, while playing, are sometimes ac- 
customed to imitate those things which 4 are most serious. 



— 69 — 

Death overtakes 5 many men without their thinking 6 of it'. A 
rich man can often help a poor one, without robbing himself. 
The stars appear small to us, because they are separated 8 from 
us by an immense space. Ducks cannot live without water, 
because they seek a great deal of food in the water. In the 
morning (time) 9 and when declining 19 towards the west, the sun 
has less (of) strength 11 . Tigers attack all animals because they 
are always thirsting for 12 blood. Bees when provoked sting 13 
furiously 14 . Though ordered by the senate, yet Caesar did not 
disband his army. The unicorn is rightly regarded as fabu- 
lous, because it has never been seen. Caesar having got pos- 
session of Alexandria, gave the government 15 to Cleopatra. 

] Say: flying 2 nuntiare 3 bello superare 4 ea quae 5 opprimere 6 opInarI 7 not 
to be translated 8 sejungere s tempus matutinum 10 vergere ad "minus virlum 
12 sitlre 13 aculeis pungere M vehementer 15 regn\xm, -i 

Syntax 299 — 301. 

HomSrus et Hesiodus ante Eomam conditam fugrunto DarSus 
pervenerat ad Arbela vicum, nobilem sua clade facturus. Miltiades 
capitis absolutus, pecunia multatus est. 

96. "We are accustomed to pass over 1 very many things 2 
even though they are put before our eyes. Storks, when about 
to go away, assemble 8 in a particular place 4 . A friend had 
come to take 5 . breakfast with me. The murder of Caesar, the 
dictator, appeared to some the worst, to others the most glo- 
rious 6 deed. He who is about to purchase land must before 7 
all things look upon the water, the roads and the neighbors. 
The rhinoceros, when about to fight with an elephant is said 
to sharpen (its) horn on rocks 9 . He is a fool who when he is 
going to buy a horse does not examine the (animal 10 ) itself but 
its cloth and bridle. Kuma was made king in the forty first 
year after the founding of the city. The Greeks burnt Troy 
w r hen taken. The soldiers of Anthony overtook Cicero in his 
flight 11 . King Pyrrhus sent an ambassador to Rome to sue for 
peace. Tullus Hostilius in the 31st year of his reign (was) 
struck by lightning (and) burnt 12 with his house. When the 
Roman soldiers first saw elephants rushing 1 * against 14 them, 
they were astonished and did not offer resistance 15 . The 



— 70 — 

Helvetii when they were about to seek new settlements, had 
burned 16 all their towns and villages. Many people leave their 
country to seek other settlements. The return 17 of the storks 
announces spring. 

Hransire 2 multa 3 congregari 4 Abl. without Prep. 5 sumere 6 pulcher 7 prae 
8 intueri 9 Abl. 10 not to be translated ^fugere 12 ardere 13 irruere 14 in ,5 alicui 
resistere 16 incendere ■ 17 redire 

Ablative Absolute. 

Syntax 302 — 304. 

Pythagoras, Tarquinio Superbo regnante, in Italiam venit. Bello 
Helvetioruin confecto, legati omnium civitatuin ad Caesarem con- 
venerunt. 

97. When danger increases, strength increases. When 
the cause of disease has been found out, the physicians think 
that the cure has been found. When the sun rises, the stars 
flee. In summer the days are longer than the nights, because 
the sun shines 1 longer. When spring returns, the swallows 
return. After Troy was taken by the Greeks, Aeneas came 
(in)to Italy. Our labor is fruitless 2 when Nature opposes 3 . 
The Romans when (their 4 ) city was taken by the Gauls re- 
treated (in)to the Capitol. Day breaks 5 when the sun rises; 
when it sets, night comes on. A wise man having lost all his 
goods, remains rich and that saying of Bias is known: "I car- 
ry my all with me." Excepting virtue nothing is more ex- 
cellent than friendship. In many countries 6 grapes do not 
ripen, the heat of the sun not being sufficient 7 . When one 
yawns, another yawns, too. Arts and precepts avail nothing 
without the help 8 of nature. Tears fall inspite 9 of us. With 
the melting 10 of the snows rivers usually 11 swell. Among the 
Spartans nothing brought greater disgrace than to return 
from battle without 12 one's shield. What would restrain 15 
wicked men from crime if the fear of punishment were taken 
away? Hannibal having crossed the Alps came into Italy. 
Even 14 after the wound is healed, a scar remains. 

Mucere 2 irritus 3 reluctari 4 not to be translated 5 lucescit 6 regio, -onis 
7 deficSre, no£ to be sufficient 8 adjuvare Rolens 10 solutus n Say: are wont 12 Say: 
having lost one's shield 13 cohibere 14 etiam 



— 71 — 

98. What enjoyment of life can there be when friendship 
is taken away ? Jerusalem was demolished during the reign 
of Yespasian. Nothing can happen 1 unless 2 a cause precedes. 
At the approach of winter the swallows migrate (in) to warmer 
countries. If one dog barks, another also will at once bark. 
The Greeks, on the approach 3 of the Persians, occupied Ther- 
mopylae. After the expulsion of the kings, the first cop* 3 " 1 
at Rome were Brutus and Collatinus. We cannot douoc mat 
there is a God as nature herself teaches (it 4 ). Schools are a 
great hope of one's country; when they flourish, the state also 
thrives 5 . For 44 years Mithridates carried on war with often 
varying fortune. We ought 6 to be free 7 from all fear, since 
God regulates human affairs. A wise man though he have 
lost all things, is to be considered rich. A rumor 8 having been 
spread abroad that Numa Pompilius, a Sabine, was prominent 
for virtue and wisdom 9 , the Roman people passing over 10 their 
own citizens made him, though 11 a foreigner, king. The judge 
who decrees 12 anything 13 without hearing the other side, is 
charged with injustice. Eclipses are not seen everywhere, 
sometimes on account of the clouds, more frequently the globe 
of the earth intervening 14 . After the Carthaginians had been 
driven out, Sicily became a Roman province. The Gauls 
routed 15 the army of the Romans on 16 the Allia and approached 
the walls of the city. Caesar after spending 17 a few days in 
Syria, gave Sextus Caesar, his friend and kinsman, the com- 
mand 18 of the legions and the province. 

1 evenTre 2 nisi 3 advenire 4 not to be translated 5 vigere 6 debere 7 expers, 
-tis 8 fama 9 Abl. ,0 praeterire (Abl. Absol.) ll quamquam 12 statuere "ali- 
quid 14 obstare 15 fund^re (Abl. Absol.) 16 ad 17 consumere 18 praeficere w. Dat., 
to give the command of 

Ablative Absolute with Nouns. 
Syntax S05. 
Deo adjutore omnia efficere poterlmus. Pausanla duce Graeci 
ingentes Mardonii coplas apud Plataeas fugaverunt. Tranquillo 
mari quilibet gubernator esse potest. 

99. The ancient Germans wore skins, a great part of the 
body being naked. I do not send your son to New York 



— 72 — 

against your will. It thunders sometimes when the sky is se- 
rene. The Greeks under the leadership of Themistocles con- 
quered the Persians at 1 Salamis. Pythagoras who first called 
himself a philosopher, flourished when Servius Tullius was king 
of the Romans. Under the guidance of nature the ancients 
comprehended that there was a God, but it was not agreed 2 
^ner them what God was. Chilo, one of 3 the seven wise men, 
Decause his son was victorious at Olympia, expired of excessive 
joy 4 . While Hannibal lived, the Romans did not consider that 
they were safe from 5 treachery. Under the leadership of 
P. Cornelius Scipio the Romans crossed into Africa where, after 
a battle fought 6 at 1 Zama, peace was granted 7 to the Car- 
thaginians seeking 8 (it). From 9 how many dangers has God 
delivered 10 your life without your being aware 11 (of it) ! The 
son died in (his) father's lifetime. The Gallic war was carried 
on under the command 12 of Caesar. In the consulship of Man- 
lius Torquatus and Gaius Atilius there was a triumph 13 over 
the Sardinians, and peace being made in all places, the Ro- 
mans had not a war on their hands 14 , a thing which 15 happened 
but once from the 16 foundation of the city to that time 16 , name- 
ly 17 in the reign of Numa Pompilius. 

1 ad 2 convenit 3 ex 4 Abl. 5 a 6 committSre 'dare 8 petere 9 e MeripSre 
11 sentire 12 imperator 13 triumphatum est 14 habere 15 a thing which, quod 16 iude 
ab, from, .to that time 17 not to be translated 

Genitive of Gerunds and Gerundives. 
Syntax sio. sn. 
Studium venandi apud Persas magnum fuit. Discipuli discencli 
cupidi sunto. Multi propter gloriae cupiditatem cupidi sunt bello- 
rum gerendorum. 

100. The art of writing was invented by the Phenicians. 
In a magnet there is 1 a wonderful power of attracting iron. 
Clothing 2 was at first invented for the purpose of keeping out 
cold. There are various ways 3 of teaching and learning. The 
art of being silent and speaking at the right 4 time is very diffi- 
cult. Few men possess 5 the ability to answer well and readily. 
God made the animals for the sake of men, as for instance the 
horse for carrying, the ox for plowing, the dog for hunting and 



— 73 — 

• 

watching. Frugality is the knowledge of avoiding 6 needless 
expenses. What cause for carrying on war is more just than 
the repulse of slavery ! A desire seized 7 Romulus and Remus 
of founding a city in those places where they had been ex- 
posed and brought up. Many men are more desirous of buy in r 
books than of reading (them 8 ). The custom o^ 
against religion is bad and impious. The only art o 
the memory is practice. We came into the garden iui tae 
sake of taking a walk. Remember that youth is the time for 
learning. Monuments are erected for the purpose of testifying 
our admiration, respect and love. Cimon for the purpose of 
establishing 9 peace between the Athenians and Lacedaemo- 
nians proceeded 10 to Sparta. Nature has given us the means 11 
of seeing ourselves: a clear fountain reflects 12 to every one his 
image. Wisdom is to be considered the art of living. 

Mnest, there is 2 vestes, -I"u.m 3 modtis 4 suus 5 esse, w. Dat. 6 vitare 
'capere ^not to be translated 9 confirmare 10 contendSre n f acultas 12 reddere 

Dative and Accusative of Gerunds and Gerundives. 

Syntax 312. si3. 
Aqua nitrosa utTlis est bibendo. Tributo plebs liberata est, ut 
divites conferrent, qui oneri ferendo essent. E terrae cavernis fer- 
rum elicimus, rem ad colendos agros necessariam. 

101. Not all water is good for 1 drinking. No age is too 
late 2 for learning. Blotting paper is not fit 8 to write (upon). 
A husbandman ought to attend to tilling his fields. Night- 
time is more suited to sleeping than to studying. Brave sol- 
diers are ready to undergo all dangers. We are not only in- 
clined to learn but also to teach. Twilight is more suitable 
for conversing than for reading or writing. Goose quills are 
more adapted to writing than reed-pens which the Greeks and 
Romans used. Amusements will benefit boys, because boys 
after amusements bring more energy to (their) studies 4 . Oxen 
are not proper for carrying burden. Pythagoras went to Ba- 
bylon to learn 5 the motions of the stars and inquire into 6 the 
origin of the world; thence he proceeded to Crete and Lace- 
daemon to become acquainted with 7 the laws of Minos and 



— 74 — 

Lycurgus. The short period of life is long enough for living 
virtuously 8 and honestly. Stormy weather 9 is not suitable for 
catching fish. Iron is necessary for the cultivation of the land 10 . 
The character 11 of boys reveals itself 12 in 13 (their) games 14 . By 
nature we are inclined to love men. There are some games 
"-.very useful 15 for sharpening the wits 16 of boys. 

3, too late 3 inutllis 4 discSre; say: to learning 5 perdisc5re c spec- 
^ .&re 8 probe 9 tempestates 10 Plur. n mores 12 detegSre Winter 
^Translate while playing, inter. . ,5 non inutilis, very useful * 6 ingenlum 

Ablative of Gerunds and Gerundives* 
Syntax su. 
HomTnis mens discendo alitur et cogitando. Yirtutes cernuntur 
in agendo. SuperstitiOne tollenda religlo non tollltur. Hannibal 
visenda urbe (Capua) magnam diei partem consumpsit. 

102. The mind is nourished not only by reading books but 
also by thinking and by writing. Elegance in 1 speaking and 
writing is increased by reading the works of orators and poets. 
I am occupied writing 2 letters. Virtue is especially discerned 
in despising pleasure. Many persons use care in getting 3 horses 
but are careless in choosing friends. Socrates was accustomed 
to draw out by questioning the opinions of those with whom 
he discoursed. Sailors by taking in sails lessen the dangers 
of a storm. Ho who exceeds measure in eating and drinking 
easily contracts 4 disease. In reading we must imitate the bees. 
He who is not skilled in governing a house will be far less fit 
for ruling a state. Justice has to do with 5 protecting human 
society and giving to every one his own. The deliberation in 6 
choosing a line of life is the most difficult of all. There is 
often more misfortune 7 in the fear 8 than in the misfortune itself. 
Old age draws (us) off 9 from active life 10 . By doing nothing 
men learn to do ill 11 . The fortified walls 12 he had seen 13 deterred 
Hannibal from besieging Naples. There is often too little pains 
taken 14 in teaching the first elements of letters. By persuading 
and dissuading many have already drawn 15 enmities upon them- 
selves 15 . By giving and receiving benefits friendships are 
made 16 . The Athenians without waiting for assistance went 17 
to 18 battle against the immense army of the Persians. The third 



— 75 — 

part of our life is lost in sleeping 19 . Many men find fault with 80 
books without understanding 21 (them). I never drink without 
being thirsty; many men drink without being thirsty. The 
precepts of art are of little avail 23 to 23 form an orator without 
the assistance of nature. A drop hollows a stone, not by foi C£, 
but by falling often; so a man becomes learned not by force 
but by constant study 24 . Philosophers in those very books 
which they write on con f . empt 2 - of glory, write 26 their own names. 

J Say: of 2 Say: in writing letters 3 parare 4 sibi contrahere 5 versari in, to 
have to do with 6 de 7 malu.iii, -I 8 Say: in fearing 9 abducere 10 res agendae 
^male 12 moenTa, fortified walls B Perf. Part. 14 parum laboratur, too little pains 
is taken 15 aibi conciliate lf parare 17 egredi 18 in ^Abl. ^vituperare, to find 
fault with 2I Perf. Part. 82 parum valere, to be of Utile avail ^ad ^Say: by 
studying often 25 contemnere 26 inscribere 

103. We eradicate the noxious weeds of fields by plowing. 
The opportunity to learn is not always at hand. The ancients 
used a stilus for 1 writing. No one can have a just cause for 2 
bearing arms against his country. This pupil is more inclined 
to play than to learn. By hoping misfortune is made lighter. 
There is always opportunity of reading, not always of hearing. 
My brother being unaccustomed to 3 sailing fears the sea. Man 
is born for understanding and thinking. A man should do 
nothing without reflection 4 . Trees afford wood not only for 
burning, but also for building and other necessary things. 
From whom did the spider learn the art of weaving (its) nets? 
Three things 5 are especially to be respected by youths: God, 
one's parents, the laws. In the most ancient times many peoples 
did not yet know 6 the art of writing. Misers are tortured not 
only by a desire of increasing (their) riches but also by the fear 
of losing (them). If rain freezes while 7 falling 8 it becomes hail. 
There is no lot so hard 9 that 10 a brave man may not overcome 
it by prudently enduring. In the contest at u Thermopylae 
the Persian soldiers were finally forced to 12 fight by the strokes 
of scourges. The greatest pleasure is received from 13 learning. 
As a horse is of no use to one who does not understand 14 riding, 
so books are of no use to those who clo not know 15 how to read. 

a ad ^Say: of 3 Say: of <ratTo *tria, three things 6 cognovi, I know 'inter 
*decidere %spSr, -a, -iim 10 qui w. Subj. n ad 12 ad ^ex "imperltus, he 
who does not understand 15 igiiarus, he who does not know 



— 76 — 

Passive Periphrastic Conjugation. Gerundive as 

Predicate Accusative. 

Syntax 315. 3ia. 

Suu cuique judiclo utendum est. PuSros magistro erudiendos 
trado. Perf ugam Fabricius reducendum curavit ad Pyrrhum. 

1 04. Secret enmities are more 1 to be feared than open 
(ones). New friends ought not to be preferred to old 
(ones). I return the greatest thanks to my parents because 2 
they took care 8 that I was instructed 4 . Virtues as such 5 ought 
to be practised 6 , and herein we must follow duty, not advan- 
tage 7 . We ought to pray that we may have a sound mind in a 
sound body. Men should never depart 8 from the straightway. 
Young men ought to acquire 9 , old men ought to enjoy. One 
should not fight with two. In times of peace we should think 
of 10 war. Riches are to be lightly esteemed. The Egyptians 
give (their) dead to the priests to embalm. At the request of 
Artaxerxes Diomedon undertook to bribe 11 Epaminondas. 
When Catiline was planning 12 a revolution two knights under- 
took to kill Cicero in his house and to bribe his slaves. My 
brother was sent to Germany for his education 13 . The con- 
quered must be spared. God is to be honored not with 
sacrifices, but with a pure heart 14 . Caesar had all the old 
ships repaired 15 and new ones built in Gaul. No one is good 
by chance, virtue is to be learned. Even after a bad crop we 
must sow. Certainly we must die, but on what day we must 
die, is uncertain. 

1 magis 8 quod 3 curare 4 Say: me to be insbmcted 5 per se ^colere Tructus 
8 discedere 9 parare 10 de 11 pecunia corrumpere 12 m<51I<5r, -irl u tobe educated 
"mens 15 reficere 

Supine. 
Syntax 317. am 
Totlus fere Galllae leg&ti ad Caesarem convenerunt congratula- 
tum. Tu pro tua prudentia, quid optimum factu sit videbis. 

105. Do you wish ffo go with me to hunt? I know that 
many have come to me, not to congratulate (me) but for the 
sake of eating and drinking. This book is most difficult to 



— 77 — 

understand. The shorter a narrative (is 1 ), the clearer it is 
and the easier to understand. What is pleasanter to hear than 
a fine speech? The people ofVeii sent envoys to Rome to 
sue for peace. Few women had come to look, most came 1 that 
they might be looked at 2 . The Aedui sent ambassadors to 
Caesar to ask assistance. You yourselves will see what is 
best to be done, my 1 friends. A vast multitude of men crowded 8 
into the city to view the public games. Pears are sweet to 
the taste 4 . Merchants go to market either to buy or to sell 
various wares. Cicero was about to set out for Rome to view 
the games when friends came to his Tusculan farm to pay their 
respects 5 . Virtue is difficult to find out, it requires a master 6 
and leader, but vices are learned even without a master. Do 
you not 7 see yourselves what is necessary 8 to be said and to be 
done in this affair? 9 Things which 10 are pleasant to you to 
tell are often not at all pleasant to another 11 to hear. Pompey 
was (a man 1 ) of so great humanity that it is difficult to say 
whether enemies more feared 12 his bravery or loved his mildness. 

x Xot to be translated 2 spectare 3 convenire 4 gustave 5 salutare alTquem, to 
pay one's respects 6 rector 7 nonne 6 opus est ^negotlum 10 quae n alter 12 Perf. 
Subjunct. 

Copulative Conjunctions. 

Syntax 320. 321. 

QuadrupSdum celeritas atque vis nobis ipsis affert vim atque cele- 

ritatem. Recte judices, et, ut veteres loquuntur, rem acu tetigisti. 

Ibi mortuus sepultusque Alexander. Opiuione vulgi rapimur in 

errorem, nee vera cernlmus. 

106. God sees and rules all things. Our mind is immor- 
tal and will not perish along with the body. Avoid 1 avarice, 
loquacity, gaming, hatred, and the rest of vices. Ancus Mar- 
cius subdued the Latins in war, enlarged the city of Rome and 
surrounded it with new walls. We had rather be poor and 
honest than rich and wicked. Naked I came into this world 
and naked I will return. Virtue is highly to be valued even 
in an enemy. Hannibal was forced to leave Carthage and 
never returned. U I hate that man who says one thing and 
thinks another," Achilles used to say, "as much 2 as I do the 



— 78 — 

gates of Pluto." The Romans carried on severe wars against 
the Gauls and Spaniards. Friends are also suspected by 3 ty- 
rants. Reason teaches what ought to be done and what 
avoided 1 . Dionysius, the tyrant, very greatly favored 4 Dio and 
did not love him otherwise 6 than as his own brother. Verres 
utterly racked and ruined Sicily for three years. God alone 
can be the maker and ruler of heaven and earth. Hadrian 
could hear, write, dictate and speak at one and the same time. 
The Romans engraved the laws which the senate and the 
people had passed 6 on 7 tables of brass. 

'fugSre 2 aeque 3 Say: to tyrants 4 indulgere 6 secus 6 sanclre ?Dat. 

Disjunctive Conjunctions. 
Syntax 322. 323. 
Pugnantlbus puncto temporis mors aut victoria obtingit. Stupo- 
rem hominis vel dicam pecudis attendlte. Esse ea dico, quae cerni 
tanglve possunt. Consules alter ambove rationem agri habeant. 

107. All things have been well ordained by nature or 
rather by God. The hours and months and days glide away, 
nor does time past ever return, nor can it be known what may 
follow. Aeneas left Troy and made for Italy; even in Italy 
great dangers threatened Aeneas; but these also he overcame 
and established a kingdom in Italy. Nothing hinders recovery 
so much 1 as the frequent change of remedies. In the upper 
part of the body or the breast, are the heart and lungs; in the 
lower part, or abdomen, is the stomach with the intestines. 
They are foolish who pride themselves on (their) figure or 
wealth. The Parthians were ignorant how 2 to fight in line 
hand to hand, or how to storm besieged cities. The 30 tyrants 
stood around Socrates and could not break his spirit. Friend- 
ships are formed 3 by mutual favors or by virtue. The immor- 
tality of the soul is very reasonable 4 or rather very certain. 
Much can be changed in three or four days. Metals are either 
precious or base. The precious metals are silver and gold: 
the base ones brass or copper, lead, quicksilver. Here, sol- 
diers, we must conquer or die ! In battle swift death comes 
or joyful victory. 

Jaeqwe 2not to be translate^ 3 jungSre *veri siimlis 



— 79 — 

Adversative Conjunctions. 
Syntax 324. 
Saepe ab amico tuo dissensi, sed sine ulla ira. Paler, prout ipse 
arnabat litteras, n'lium erudlvit. Erat autem in puero summa suavl- 
tas oris et vocis. Brevis a natura nobis vita data est, at memorla 
bene reddltae vitae sempiterna. Pausanlas accusatus capitis absol- 
vltur, tamen multatur pecunla. 

108. Although the Romans were the conquerors of al- 
most the whole world, yet their craving for more 1 was not 
satisfied. Not he who has little, but he who desires more 
than he has, is poor. Virtue cannot be obtained by wealth, 
but wealth (can) 2 by virtue. Ariovistus had crossed the Rhine, 
not of his own accord, but having been requested and sum- 
moned by the Gauls. Tears mostly indicate sorrow, but 3 some- 
times also 3 joy. The hives of bees are most artificial; nothing, 
however, is sweeter or more wholesome than honey. Nature 
has given serpents dull eyes and has put them not in the fore- 
head, but in the temples. Wisdom is acquired not by age, 
but 4 by natural disposition 5 . All things pass away, not into 
nothing 6 , but into their elements. All the stars which appear 
to be fixed in the sky 7 move 8 nevertheless. Pear not 9 bitter, 
but flattering words ! Caesar himself indeed had been butchered 
by the conspirators, but 10 his will had not been abolished. 
Cicero saved his country, but he received no thanks for this 
service. Men do not know many things; God, however, knows 
all. All our riches consist in 11 virtue; but virtue makes men 
happy. Many men neglect virtue itself, but seek the ap- 
pearance of virtue. Every thing perishes, yet virtue will re- 
main. Although fortune is blind, still she commonly favors 
virtue. 

1 cupIdo, craving for more 2 not to oe translated 3 vero etiam 4 verum 5 in- 
genium, Jiatural disposition 6 nihilum 7 Dat. 8 Pa£S. 8 non 10 neque tamen "con- 
tineii, w. Abl. 

Causal and Illative Conjunctions. 

Syntax 325. 326. 
Ncs omnes nati sumus, ergo etiam moriemur. Virtus sola num- 
quam perlbit, hanc igi'tur expetere debemus. Noli confidere fortunae ; 



— 80 — 

namque fortftna nihil mutabilms est. Recte Roma.ni Martis filii 
noniinantur; nullus enim populus Martem magis coltiit. 

109. Because nature cannot be changed, therefore true 
friendships are eternal. If you want to be liked 1 , be grateful, 
for all hate an ungrateful person. God has not a body, and 
on that account, although he is everywhere, he can nowhere 
be seen. Mind conscience more than public opinion 2 ; for pub- 
lic opinion can 3 often be mistaken, conscience never. Cyrus 
(when) a child was delivered by Astyages to Harpagus that 
he might be exposed in the woods 4 : but his lot was exchanged 
with the lot of a little one of the king's shepherd; for the for- 
mer 5 was educated for the son of the shepherd, the latter 6 was 
exposed as the king's grandson. A friend is not known at a 
feast; he errs therefore, who judges of a friend at a feast. A 
disregard of public utility is contrary to nature; for it is un- 
just. There is 8 a kind 9 of natural warfare between the kite 
and the raven; therefore the one breaks the other's eggs 
wherever it gets (them). The senses are admirably situated 10 , 
for the eyes, like 11 watchmen, occupy the highest post. The- 
mistocles restored the walls of Athens with risk to himself 12 ; 
for the Lacedaemonians endeavored to prevent (it). We are 
all brethren, for we are all children of God. This sentence is 
not true; therefore it is false. Hannibal was recalled by the 
Carthaginians; for this reason he left Italy. 

Jgratiosus 2 fama 3 Fut. 4 salt\is, -lis 5 ipse 6 ille 7 probare *Say: to the 
kite is. .warfare icilh the raven 9 quldam 10 collocatus 11 tamquam 12 suo periculo 



Copulative Correspondents. 
Syntax 327. 1. 

BoraanOrum et in beilicis et in civilibus officiis vigebat industria. 
Mentlri nee possum nee, si possera, cuperem. Dicendi vis cum in 
omnibus rebus humanis turn in civitatibus regendis plurimum valet. 

110. There is in fact a God who both hears and sees what 
we do 1 . Tullus Hostilius was not only unlike the last 2 king, 
but even more warlike than Romulus. The tiger fears neither 
the lion nor the elephant* Many men can neither read nor 



- 81 - 

write. Pure water nas neither taste, nor smell, nor color. 
What'oirds can both swim and fly? Olives and vines thrive 8 
neither in very cold nor in very hot climate 4 . You violate 5 not 
only human but also divine law by perjury. They are justly 
despised who do good neither to themselves nor to others. 
Fortune can neither give nor take away probity from any 
one. An effeminate education breaks the nerves both of body 
and mind. Envy carps at 6 not only the living but also the 
dead. Accustom yourself both to speak the truth 7 and to 
hear (it). Not only fortune helps the brave as it is in an old 
proverb, but much more reason. We change 8 every day; neither 
have we been what we are, nor shall we be to-morrow. For- 
merly agriculture was practised 9 both by kings and by the 
sons of kings. Orpheus by his song not only tamed 10 wild 
beasts, but also drew after him 11 the rocks and woods. The 
Roman populace were sorely pressed 12 both by want and by 
military service. Many flowers delight us both by their beauty 
and by (their) odor. 

a gerSre 2 proximus 3 provenire 4 Say: lands ^aedere 6 rodere 7 verum 
9 exercere 10 m ulcere ^ductare, to draw after 12 urgere, to press sorely 



Disjunctive Correspondents. 
Syntax 327. 11. 

Omne enunti&tum aut verum est aut falsum. Nihil est tarn con- 
veniens ad res vel secundas vel adversas quam amicitla. Ad has 
litteras addiseendas tibi sive comes sive dux fui. 

111* An injury is done in two ways 1 , either by violence 
or by fraud. The nobles can either corrupt or correct the 
morals of the state. Whether we work or play, or sleep or 
wake, our life doth pass. Almost all wars among mortals have 
arisen 2 on account of either power or riches. It is the mark 
of true friendship both to advise and to be advised. A woman 
either loves or hates. The moon either increases or decreases. 
Brave soldiers are willing either to conquer or to die. The 
motion of the animals is different: either they walk and run, 
or they fly, or they swim. Man is to man either a god, or a 



- 82 — 

wolf. Many indeed know what is just, but they do it not. 
You do not work, therefore you have nothing. Who does not 
know of 3 that most wicked emperor Nero, whose impious hands 
were stained 4 with the blood as well of many other persons as 
of his own mother ? Let this law be sacred among friends 
that they neither ask base things 5 nor do (them) when asked 6 . 
The wise man not only sees the present and holds in memory 
the past, but also looks into 7 the future. Xerxes before the 
naval battle in which he was defeated by Themistocles had 
sent four thousand armed men to 8 plunder the temple of Apollo 
as if he were carrying on war, not only with the Greeks but 
also with the immortal gods. 

l/Lbl. 2 orior, -Irl 3 ignorare <imbuere 5 turpia 6 Participle 7 prospicere 
8 ad w. Gerundive. 



j 



— 83 — 



VOCABULARY 

of all English words occurring in the Exercises, with their special 
meanings as used in this book. 

Note. Changeable parts of words are printed in bold-faced type, 
so as to indicate the manner of forming the Genitive and the Gender-end- 
ings, and to show the principal parts of Verbs. 

The - simply added to a noun indicates that the Genitive is like the 
Nominative. 

(m.), (f.), (n.), (pi.) mean: masculine, feminine, neuter, Plural, re- 
spectively. 

The signs of quantity are given, unless the syllable is long by position 
or contains a diphthong. 



the abdomen, abdomSn, -Irils (n.) 
to abide, commoror, -ari 



-atis (f.) 

SrSj sustull, subla- 



ability, facultas, 
to abolish, tollo, - 

turn 
the Aborigines, aborigTnes,-"U.m(f. pi. ) 
to abound, abundo, -are 
about, de (w. abl.) 
above, super (w. ace & abl.); supra (w. 

ace.) 
abroad, foils; a fire abroad, ignis alie- 

ntis 
to abstain, abstinSo, -erS 
abundance, abundantia, -ae (f.); to 

have abundance, abundo, -ar6 
abuse, abusils, -"lis (m.) 
to accept, accTpio, -Sr§, accepl, ac- 

cepxrilm. 
acceptable, acceptHs, -a, -ixm 
easy access, facTlltas, -atis (f.) 
accidental, fortuitils, -a, -lira. 
to accompany, comitor, -ari 
to accomplish, conficio, -ere, con- 

fecl, confectriirn. 
of one's own accord, sponte, ultra 
according to, ad (w. ace), secundum (w. 

acc) 
on account of, ob (w. acc); propter (w. 

acc); prae (w. abl.); on that account, 

Ideo; to be of great account, magnl 

esse; to be of more account, pliiris esse; 

of very little account, minimi 



accurate, accuratils, -a, -Hm 

to accuse, accuso, -arS 

to be accustomed, solSo, -er§, s51T- 
triis sum 

Achilles, Achilles, -Is (m.) 

to acquaint, edoceo, -ere\ edSctil, 
edoctiim. 

to become acquainted, to make the ac- 
quaintance, cognosco, -6r6, cog- 
novi, cognitum 

to acquire, adipiscor, -I, Sdeptriis 
sum; acquiro, -SrS, acquis! vi, ac- 
qulsitriim. 

to acquit, absolvo, -6rS, absolvl, ah- 
solutriirtt. 

across, trans (w. acc) 

to act, ago, -ere\ egl, actriim 

an action, factu.m.,-1 (n.); base actions 
turpia, -Hm. (n. pi.) 

active life, res agendae (f. pi.) 

actually, omnlno 

adapted, aptHs, -a, -Hm; accomm5- 
datixs, -a, -tim. 

to add, addo, -er<5, addicLI, addl- 
tum 

to adjust, accommodo, -ax^S 

admirably, mlrTfTce 

admiration, admiratio-oiils (f.) 

to admire, admiror, -ari; to be ad- 
mired, adsptciendils, -a, -Hm 

to admonish, admonSo, -er§ 

to adorn, orno, -ar§ 

advantage, fructiis, -Us (m.) 






— 84 



advantageous j u tills, -g 

adversity , res adversae (f. pi.) 

advice, consilriim, -I (n.) 

to advise, monSo, -erg 

the Aeduans, Aedul, -orum (m. pi.) 

Aeneas, Aeneas, -ae (m.) 

an affair, res, rei (f.); negotiiim, -I 

(n.) 
affection, ca^itas,-atls (f.) 
to afford, praebgo, -erg 
to be afraid, timeo, -erg, -til, (no 

sup.) 
Africa, Africa, -ae (f.) 
Africanus, Africaniis, -i (m.) 
after, prep, post (w. ace); conjunct., 

postquam 
afternoon, postmeridianiis, -a, -iim 
afterwards, postea 

again and again, iterum atque iterum 
against, ad versus, contra, in (w. ace.) 
an age, aetas, -atis (f.); old age, se- 

nectiis,--u.tls (f.); of the same age, 

aequalls,j-e 
Agesilaus, Agesllaiis, -i (m.) 
ago, abhinc 

to agree, congruo, -ere, -I, (no sup.) 
agreeable, dulcis, -e 
it is agreed, constat, convenit 
agriculture, agricultura, -ae (f.) 
aid, auxlliiim, -i (n.); by the aid, 

ope 
the air, aer, a ens (m ) 
Alcibiades, Alcibiades, -Is (m.) 
Alexander, Alexander, -rl (m.) 
Alexandria, Alexandria, -ae (f.) 
to alight, consido, -ere, consedi, con- 

sessiim 
alive, vlviis. -a, -iim 
all, -omnls, -e; at all, prorstis; all one's 

^operty, omnia sua; all right, bene 

habet 
of Allia, AHTensis, -g 
allied, foederatiis, -a, -iim. 
it is allowed, licet 
almost, fere 

alone, soliis, -a, -iim 
along with, una cum 
the Alps, Alpes, -liim (f. pi.) 
also, eti&m, quo que 
alternation, vicissitude, -Inls (f.) 



although, etiamsT, etsT, quamquam, quam- 
" vis 

always, semper 

an ambassador, legatiis, -i (m.) 
ambition, ambitio, -onis (f.) 
America, America, -ae (f.) 
amiable manners, humamtas, -atis 

(f.) 
amid, inter (w. ace) 
among, inter, apud (w. ace) 
amount, vis, - (f.) 
Amulius, Amuliiis, -i (m.) 
amusement, lusiis, -Us (m.) 
Anaxagoras, Anaxagoras, -ae (m.) 
the ancestors, majoies, -iim (m. pi.) 
ancient, vetus, pristmiis, -a, -iim; 

antlquiis, -a, -iim. 
anciently, antiquitus 
and, et, ac, atque, -que (appended); and 

not, nee, neque 
anew, denuo 
anger, Ira, -ae (f.) 
an angler, piscator, -oris (m.) 
angry, Iratiis, -a, -iim; to be angry, 

irascor, -i, Iratiis sum 
an animal, animal, -alls (n.) 
to announce, annuntio, -arg 
to be annoyed, moleste ferre (tuli, latum) 
to answer, respondeo, -erg, respon- 

cLI, responsiim 
an ant, formica, -ae (f.) 
Anthony, Antoniiis, -i (m.) 
Antioch, Antlochia, -ae (f.) 
Antiochus, Antiocliiis, -i (m.) 
antiquity, antlquitas, -atis (f.) 
Antoninus Pius, Antonintis Piiis (-1, 

-i) m. 
to be anxious, studgo, -erg, -iii,(no 

sup.) 
any, ulliis, -a, -iim; any one, alT- 

quis, quispiam, quisquam; any thing , 

aliquid, quidquam 
Apelles, Apelles, -is (m.) 
the Apennines, Apennlnl montes (m. pi.) 
Apollo, ApollS, -Inis (m.) 
an apostle, apostoliis, -I (m.) 
to appear, appargo, -erg; vidgor, 

-eri, vlsiis sum 
appearance, species, -ei (f.) 
an appellation, appellatiS, -onis (f.) 



— 85 — 






an appetizer, condimentxxrn., -i (n.) 
Appian, Appiixs, -a, -xxxix; the Ap- 

pian way, via Appla 
Appius, Appiixs, -i (m.) 
to apply, adlnbeo, -ere 
to appoint, designo, -are; constituo, 

-ere, constitui, const ltutixm 
to approach, appropinquo, -are; ad- 

venio, -ire, advenx, adventum. 
to approve, probo, -are 
an Arabian, Aralxs, -a/bis (m.) 
Archias, Archias, -ae (m.) 
Archimedes, Archimedes. -Is (m.) 
ardent, acerrlmxis, -a, -ixxxx 
ardently, ard enter 

Arganthonius, ArganthonrCLs, -x (m.) 
the Argonauts, Argonautae, -arum 

(m. pi.) 
Arion, Arloxx, -onis (m.) 
Ariovistus, Auovistxxs, -I (m.) 
to arise, oilor, -iri, ortits stim 
Aristippus. Aristippils, -I (m.) 
Aristotle, Aristoteles, -Is (m.) 
an armed man, armattis, -i (m.) 
arms, arma, -orilixx (n. pi.) 
an army, exereitiis, -Us (m.) 
around, circum (w. ace) 
to arouse, excito, -are 
arrangement, compost tio, -oxils (f.) 
to arrest, deprehendo, -ere, depre- 

hendx, deprehensxiixx 
to arrive, pervenio, -Ire, pervenx, 

perventxlm 
,an art, ars, -tis (f.) 
Arlaxei~xes, Artaxerxes, -Is, (m.) 
artificial, artlficiosils, -a, -tim. 
as, tamquam, ut; as if, quasi; as it were, 

quasi; as long as, diim, donee; as 

much as, aeque ac; as. so, St.. sic; 

as soon as, ubi, ubi prlmum, simulac 
to ascend, ascendo, -ere, ascendl, as- 

censiirix 
to be ashamed, pudere, -tilt 
Asia, Asia, -ae (f.) 
to ask, oro, -are; rogo, -are; inter- 

rogo, -are 
to assemble, congregor, -arx 
an assembly, concio, -onis (f.) 
to assert, docSo, -ere, -til, doc 

turn. 



to assist, subvenio, -IrS, subveni, 

subventiiixx 
assistance, auxiliixxxx, -I (n.) 
to assuage, mollio, -xx*e; lenio, -Ire 
to assume, sustineo, -erS, sustinxxx, 

sustentiim 
to be astonished, obstupesco, -ere, 

obstuptii, (no sup.) 
an asylum, asylum, -I (n.) 
an Athenian, Atheniensis, - (m.) 
Athens, Athenae, -ax^ixixx (f. pi.) 
Atlantic, Atlanticiis, -a, -xixxx 
Atlas, Atlas, -axxt;Is (m.) 
to attack, adoiior, -Ixri, adortixs 

sum; peto, -ere, -xvx, -Ituni 
to attain, consequor, -I, consecutxls 

sum 
Attalus, AttalUs, -I (m.) 
to attend, operam dare (do, dedl, datum); 

to attend to, euro, -are 
an attendant, satelles, -Itis (m.) 
attention, cura, -ae (f.) 
Atticus, Atttcxxs, -I (m.) 
Attius, Attiixs, -I (m. ) 
to attract, attraho, -6re, attrax:!, at- 

tractHixt 
an augur, augur, -Is (m.) 
Augustus, Augustus, -I (m.) 
authority, auctoritas, -atis (f.) 
autumn, autumniis, -I (in.) 
to avail, valeo, -ere; to be of little 

avail, parum valere 
avarice, avaritia, -ae (f.) 
to avoid, fugxo,-6r6, fugx, (no sup.); 

vlto, -are 
to awake, expergiscox*, -x, experrectus 

sum 
to be aware of, sentio, -ire, sensx, 

sensxxxrx 
an axis, axis, - (f.) 

13. 

Babylon, Ballon, -Is (f.) 

the back, tergilixx, -x (n.) 

bad, inalixs, -a, -Hixx 

bad,ness', malHixx, -x (n.) 

a bait, esca, -ae (f.) 

to bake, coquo,-e^S, cozxix, coctHiix 

baldness, calvitixlixx, -x (n.) 

Balearic, Balearis, -S 



86 



a ball (for playing), pTISt, -ae (f.) 
to banish, depello, -gre, depull, de- 

pulsiim; aqua et igni interdlcere 

(interdizxix, interdictxxxxx) 
a banquet, epulxxxxx, -x (n.) 
a barbarian, barbarils, -i (m.) 
a barber, tonsor, -oris (m.) 
the bark, cortex, -Icis (m.) 
base, turpis, -S; of metals, ignobTlis, 

-£; base actions, turpia,-ixixx(n.pl.) 
a bat, vespertiliS, -5nis (f.) 
a battle, proelixxnx, -I (n.) 
to be, esse, sum, fui 
a bear, ursils, -1 (m.) 
to bear, fero, -r6, tixlx, latixxxx; 

patxor, -I, passixs sum 
a beast, bestTa, -ae (f.); a beast of 

prey, animal rapax (n.) 
beautiful, pulchSr, -x»a, -rilm 
beauty, pnlchritudS, -Ixxls (f.) 
because, quod, quia 
to become, f!o,-erx, factiissum; eva- 

do, -Sre\ evasx, evasHm. 
it becomes, decet, dec\ilt, dScere" 
a bee, apis,- (f.) 
before, ante (w. ace); prae (w. abl.); 

before that, antea 
to begin, coepi, coepisee 
a beginning, lnTtixxirx, -i (n.); princi- 

piiiixx, -I (n.); in the beginning of 

spring, primo vere 
the Belgians, Belgae, -arum (m.pl.) 
belief, fides, -el (f.) 
to believe, creclo,-erS,-Id.i,-itiim; 

existTmo, -ar&; puto, -arg 
to belong, pertin^o, -erS 
beloved ones, sul, -orum (m. pi.) 
to bend, tendo, -er§, tetendl, ten- 

sum; reflecto, -ere, reflexil, re- 

flexixirx 
beneath, subter, infra (w. ace.) 
beneficence, beneficentia, -ae (f.) 
beneficial, salutarls, -& 
a benefit, beneficiUm, -x (n.) 
to benefit, prosum, prodesse, profuT 
to beseech, oro, -are; obsecro,-arS; 

peto, -ere, -Ivi, -ittxxix; I be- 
seech, quaeso 
to besiege, obsidSo, -er§, obsedx, ob- 

sessixixx; oppugno, -ar6 



best, optimils, -&, -Urn 

to bestow (attention) pono, -€rS, po- 
sill, posxtixnx; (praise) confero, 
-x*«S, conttxlx, collatUxxx 

tobetray, trado, -Sr^,-x<ix, -Itilirx 

better, inelior, -ixs; the better classes, 

boni 
between, inter (w. ace) 
to beware, c£v£o, -er§, cavx, cau- 

trixiix 
beyond, trans, ultra (w. ace) 
Bias, Bias, -axxtis (m.) 
to bid, jtib^o, -ere, jussx, jussixnx 
a bill, rostrilixx, -I (n.) 
a bird, avis, - (f.) 
a birthday, dies natalis (m.) 
a bit, frena, -orixxrx (n. pi.) 
bitter, acerbHs,-a,-u.iix; ace^r, -ris 

-re^ 
black, nig&r, -ra, -rixxxx; the Black 

Sea, Pontus Euxiuus (m.) 
to blame, vltupero, -ar§; reprehendo, 

-5rS, reprehend!, reprehensilixx 
to bless, benedico,-Sr&, benedixx, be- 

nedicttxin 
blessed, beattxs, -a, -ixxix 
blind, caeexxs, -a, -xxiix 
blood, sanguis, -Iixis (m.) 
blotting paper, charta bibtila (f.) 
to boast, glorior, -arl 
a body, corpxls, -oris (n.); bodies of 

soldiers, copiae, -arUxxx (f. pi.) 
abond, vinculixixx, -I (n.) 
a book, libex', -rl (m.); a little book, 

libellxls, -x (m.) 
to be born, nascor, -I, natixs sum 
both, ambo, iiterque; both, .and, et. .et 
a bow, arcxls. -ixs (m.) 
a boy, puer, -I (m.) 
boyhood, pueritia, -ae (f.) 
brass, aes, aerfs(n.); of brass, aeneixs, 

-a, -ixrrx 
brave, fortls, -e 
bravery, fortitudo, -Ixils (f.) 
to break, frango, -er&, fregl, frae - 

tlxixx; to break out, erumpo, -SrS, 

erupi, eruptiim; of war, exardesco 

-Sr6, exarsl.exarsixnx 
break of day, prima lux (f.) 
breakfast, jentacultxnx, -I (n.) 






— 87 — 



the breast, pectixs, -oris (n.) 

a breeze, aura, -ae (f.) 

to bribe, pec Fin la corrumpSre^ (corru- 
px, corruptixxix) 

a bridle, freiriixxx, -I (n.) 

bright, clariis, -a, -xxixx; luculentixs, 
-a, -Hnx; to be bright, splend^o, 
-ere, (no perf. & sup.) 

brilliancy, splendox*, -oris (ra.) 

to bring, fero, -x*e. tixlx. latilxix; 
.du(:o,-e^e,dn:x:x,duc'txixix; affero, 
-re, attuix, allatHm: to bring 
ab^ut, concilio, -are; to bring 
across, transfers, -re, transtulx, 
translate xxx;transduto,-ex»e,trans- 
duxx, transducxrixiix; to bring great 
disgrace, magno dedecon esse; to 
bring forth, parlo, -ere, xxeperx, 
partxixxx- gigno, -ere, genii!", ge- 
liltxiiix: to bring up, ediico, -are; 
to bring upon, conscisro, -ere, con- 
scxvx, conscxtxiixx; to bring into 
danger, \n periciilura miite^re (mlsx, 
missixiix): to bring destruction upon, 
interttum parare: to bring word, 
nuntiaLre, rennniiare; to bring into, 
induco, -ere, induxl, indrctixixx 

(Great) Britain, Britannia, -ae (f.) 

broad, latxxs, -a, -xxxxx 

a brother, fratex', -ris (m.) 

Brundisium, BrundTsiixixx, -i (n.) 

Brutus, Brutixs, -I (m.) 

to build, aedifico, -are; exstvuo, 
-ere, exstruxx, exstructxxixx 

a buil, tanvxxs, -x (ra.) 

a burden, onxis, -eris (n.) 

burdensome, gravis, -<5 

a burial, sepultiira, -ae (f.j 

to burn, ardeo, -ere, ai si, arsixxxx; 
incendo,-ex^e, incendx, incehsxiixx 

but, sed, autem, at 

to butcher, trucldo, -ar§ 

to buy, emo, -ere, emx, emptxixix 

by, a, ab (w. abl.) 



Cadmus, Cadmits, -x (m.) 
Caesar, Caesar, -Is (m.) 
calamity, ealamitas. -atls (f.J 
California, California, -ae (f.) 



Caligula, Caligula, -ae (m.) 
to call, appello, -ar6; voco, -ar6; 
nomino, -are; dlco, -ere, dixx, 
dictixxxx; to call in, acclo, -IrS, 
-xvx, -xtixixx 
a calumniator, maledicxxs, -x (m.) 
a camel, camelxis, -x (m.) 
Camillus, Camiilils, -I (m.) 
a camp, castra, -oxnxxxx (n. pi.) 
a Campanian, Campaniis, -x (m.) 
can, possum, posse, potul 
Caninius, CanlnTxis, -x (m.) 
Canna.e, Cannae, -axnxixx (f. pi.); of 

Cannae, Cannensis, -e 
capital charge, captxt, -itls (n.) 
the Capitol, CapTtoliixxxx, -x (n.) 
captive, (bello) captxxs, -a, -xxxxx 
to capture, oxpugno, -ar§ 
care, ciira, -ae (f.); sollicitudo, 
-Iixis, (f.); to care little J 'or, par iim 
desiderare 
careless, neglegens, -tls 
carelessness, neglegentia, -ae (f.) 
to carp at, rodo, -ere, rosx, rosxxxxx 
to carry, fero, -re, tlxlx, latxxxxx; 
porto,-are; veho,-ex^e,vex:x,vec- 
t;ixixx; to carry back, reporto, -are; 
to carry before, praefero, -r<$, prae- 
tuli, praelattim; to carry home, do- 
mum referre; to carry on, gero,-e^r£, 
gessx, gestxxiix 
Carthage, Carthago, -Ixxis (f.) 
Carthaginian, CartliaginTensIs, - (m.) 
to catch, caplo, -ere, cepx, captxxirx 
Catiline, Catillna, -ae (m.) 
a cause, causa, -ae (f.) 
to cause, efficio, -ere, effecx, effec- 
■tixixx; jubeo, -ex'S, jussx, jus- 
sxxxxx 
cavalry, equitatils, -Us (m.); equT- 

tes, -xxxxx (m. pi.) 
a cave, specixs, -xxs (m.) 
to cease, desino,-ex^e,desIx,desitxiixx 
Cecrops, Ceciops, -opis (rn.) 
celebrated, celebex*, -x\Is, -x*<$; prae- 

clarxis, -a, -Hixx 
a censor, censor, -oris (m.) 
Ceres, Ceres, -£ris (f.) 
certain, certxxs. -a, -xiixx; a certain 
one. quid am; certairJy, certe 



— 88 — 



a chain, c&tena, -ae (f.) 

by chance, casu 

change, mutatio, -onis (f.) 

to change, nmto, -are 

character, mores, -"dm (m. pi.) 

capital charge, capUt, -rtls 

to charge, accuse, -are; in battle; 

procurro, -ere, procurrl, procur- 

sum 
Charles, CarolUs, -I (m.) 
to chastise, castigo, -are 
cheaper, mmoris 

cheerful, in cheerful mood, hilarls, -e 
a chest, cista, -ae (f.) 
a chief, princeps, -Ipis (m.) 
chiefly, inprlmis, maxime 
children, liberi,-oru.m (m. pi.) 
Chilo, Chllo, -oxiis (m.) 
to chirrup (of the cricket), canto, -are 
to choose, eligo, -ere, elegl, electHm 
Christ, ChristHs, -i (m.); after, before 

Christ, post, ante Christum natum 
a Christian, Christianils, -i (m.) 
Cicero, Cicero, -onis (m.) 
Cimon, Cimon, -onis (m.) 
Cincinnatus, Cincinnatils, -i (m.), 
Cingetorix, Cingetorix:, -Igis (m.) 
Cisalpine, Cisalplniis, -a, -Hm 
a citadel, arx, -els (f.) 
a citizen, clvis, - (m. & f.\, 
a city, urbs, -Is (f.) 
city -manners, mores urban! (m.) 
city -people, urbanl (m. pi.) 
civil, civilis, -e 
clamor, clamor, -oris (m.) 
to clank, crepo, -are, -til, -ItHm 
Claudius, Claud!u.s, -I (m.) 
clear, perspicuils, -a, -iim 
Cleopatra, Cleopatra, -ae (f.) 
Clitus, CUttis, -I (m.) 
close by, propter (w. ace.) 
cloth (of a horse), stratiVm., -1 (n.) 
to clothe, vestio, -Ire 
clothing, vestes, -IHm (f. pi.) 
a claud, nubes, -Is (f.) 
a coast, ora, -ae (f.) 
a coat, pallioTiim, -I (n.) 
a coffer, area, -ae (f.) 
a cohort, cohors, -tis (1.) 
cold, frigHs, -oris (n.) 



cold, frlgidiis, -a-Hm 

Collalinus, Collatinils, -I (m.) 

to collect, colligo, -erS, collegi, collec- 

tum; comporto, -are 
color, color, -oris (m.) 
a coloss, colossils, -I (m.) 
to come, venio, -Ire, venl, ventiim; 

to come from,, proficiscor, -I, pro- 

fectiissum; to comeq/f,exeo,-Ire, 

-II, -It Urn; to come to the throne, 

ad imperium accedere (accessl, ac- 

cessHm); to come up, aequo,-are; 

night comes on, vesperascit 
a comet, cometes, -ae (m.) 
a commander, imperator, -oris (m.) 
to commingle, admisceo, -ere, admis- 

ciii, admixtvu-m 
to commit, committo, -ere, commlsl, 

commissilm 
common, communis, -e; the commons, 

plebs, -Is (f.) 
commonly, plerumque 
the commonwealth, res publica (f.) 
a companion, comes, -Itis (m.) 
companionship, societas, -atis (f.) 
company, societas,-atis(f.); coetils, 

-Us (m.); to keep company, ver^ox*, 

-arl 
to compare, compare, -are 
in comparison with, prae (w. abl.) 
to compel, cogo, -erS, coegl, coac- 

tllm 
to complain, queror, -I, questits sum 
to complete, conficio, -ere, eonfeel, 

confectriim 
complexion, color, -oris (m.) 
to comprehend, intellego, -ere, intel- 

lexi, intellectHin 
to conceal, occulto, -are; celo, -are 
to be concealed, lateo, -ere, -til, 

-Itlim 
concerning, de (w. ab 1 .) 
it concerns, interest, refert 
to conclude, conficio, -ere, confeci, 

confectixm 
to condemn, condemno, -are: to con- 
demn to death, capitis damn are 
condemning, damnatio, -onis (f.) 
a condition, condicio, -onis (f.); 15- 

cus, -I (m.) % 



89 — 



to conduct, gero, -er5, gessl, ges- 
tu.ro. 

to confer on, trlbuo, -Sre, tribui, tri- 
burrim.; defero, -re, derrill, de- 

lattiin; to confer benefits, beneficia 

conferre (conttill, collatum) 
to confide, fIdo,-ere. flsris sum; con- 

fldo, -erg, confisrls sum 
to congratulate, giatulor, -arl 
to conquer, vinco,-ere,vIci,victiirii; 

stipero, -sire 
a conqueror, victor, -oris (in.); vic- 

trix:,-rcls (f.) 
conscience, conscientia, -ae (f.) 
to consider, jfulico, -are; habeo. 

-ere; puto, -are: = to reflect, 

consldero, -are; to be considered, 

habeor, -err; with consideration, 

consldeiate 
to consist, cons:o,-are,-Iti,(no sup.); 

esse w. gen.: continerr w. abl. 
a consolation, soiatTrLrn., -i (n.) 
a conspiracy, conjiiratio, -onis (f.) 
constant, perpetiirls, -a, -rim 
a consul, consul, -Is (m.) 
Consulship, consulates, -Us (m.) 
to consult (some one), constilere ali- 

quem (co.isiilrir, consultu-ixi: to con- 
sult the interest of some oiie, constilere 

alicui 
to contemn, cnntemno,-ere, contemp 

si, contempt rlxir 
contempt, contemptiis.-ris (m.) 
to contend, contendo, -ere, contend!, 

con ten trim 
content, contented. contentris,-a, -rim 
a contest, certamen, -Inis (n.) 
to continue, permaneo, -ere, -si, 

-srim 
continuous, continues, -a, -rim 
to cordract, contraho. -ere, contrazx:!, 

contractrim. (morbum sibi contra- 

here, to contract disease) 
contrary, contranris, -a, -rim 
convenient, accommodatris, -a, -rim 
conveniently, commode 
to converse, colloquor, -I, collocutns 

sum 
to convict, convinco, -er<5, convicl, 

convictrim 



to convince, persuadeo, -er6, persua- 

sl, persuastim 
to be copied, descrlbendris, -a, -lira. 
coppei\ cuprirm, -I (n.) 
Corinth, Corinthris, -I (f.) 
a Corinthian, Cormthiris, -I (m.) 
corn, frumenttim., -I (n.) 
Cornelia, Cornelia, -ae (f.) 
to correct, corrlgo, -ere\ correx:!, 

correctrrm 
to corrupt, corrumpo, -erS, corriipi, 

corruptrim. 
to cost, esse; sto,-ar*e,ste1:i,stat:iim; 

consto, -are, constlti, (no sup.) 
a council, counsel, consilium, -I (n.) 
to count it a praise, laudi ducere (du- 

x:I, ductrim) 
countless, innumerabTlis, -g 
a country, terra, -ae (f.); regio, 

-onis (f.); one's own country, pa- 

tria, -ae (f.); the country, rus, rii- 

ris (n.) 
a country house, villa-, -ae (f.) 
a country man, rusticris, -I (m.) 
a course, cursris, -Us (m.) 
to cover, tego, -ere, texr, tec-trim. 
covered with, plenris, -a, -tim 
coumrd, ignavris, -a, -rim 
cowardice, ignavia, -ae (f.) 
a crash, fragor, -oris (m.) 
Crassus, Crassris, -i (m. ) 
craving for more, ctipido, -Inis (f.) 
credible, credibiiis, -e 
credit, tides, -ei (f.) 
credulity, credulitas. -atls (f.) 
to crpep, repo, -ere, repsl, rep- 
trim; to creep into, irrepere 
Crete, Greta, -ae (f.) 
a cricket, cicada, -ae (f.) 
a crime, crimen, -Inis (n.) 
a crocodile, crocodllris, -I (m.) 
Croesus, Croesris, -I (m.) 
crooked, flexiiosris, -a, -rim. 
a crop, seges, -etls (f.) 
cross, morosris, -a, -rim 
to cross, transeo, -Ire, -II, -Itrim. 

trajicio, -erg, trajecl, trajectrim. 
the crowd, multitudo, -Inis (f.) 
to crowd, convenio, -rre, convenl, 

conventrim 



90 



crowded, frgquens, -tis 

a wown, corona, -ae (f.) 

cruel, atrozxi, -ocis 

cruelty, crudelitas, -atls (f.) 

to crush, opprimo, -ex»e, oppress!, 

oppressitxrx 
to cry, ploro, -arS; to cry out, cla- 

mo, -are 
a cubit, ciibitixm, -x (n.) 
a cuckoo, cuculils, -x (m.) 
to cull, eligo, -ere, -elegi, electilm 
to cultivate, exerceo, -ere; colo, 

-ere, colilx, cultilm. 
cultivation, humanitas, -atls (f.); 

cultura, -ae (f.) 
Cmnae, Cumae, -arum (f. pi.) 
a cup, poculUm., -i (n.) 
a cure, curatiS, -oxxis (f.) 
to cure, medeor, -erx, (no perf. & 

sup.) 
Curius, Curiils, -I (m.) 
to curse, maledlco, -ere, maledixix. 

maledictru-ixx 
custom, mos, moris (m.) 
Cyrus, Cyrils, -x (m.) 

X>. 

daily, cotldie, quotidie 

to dance, salto, -are 

danger, perlculixiix, -i (n.) 

dangerous, periculosils, -a, -Hixx 

Dareus, Dareils, -I (m.) 

daring, audax, -aeis 

a dart, telUm, -i (n.) 

a daughter, f ilia, -ae (f.) 

David, Davides, -Is (m.) 

a day, dies, -ex (m. & f.); everyday, 

cotldie; from day to day, in dies; the 

othej" day, nuper; day breaks, lucescit 
daybreak, prima lux 
dead, mortuxis, -a, -ilxrx; the dead, 

defunct! (m. pi.) 
dear, cards, -a, -xxnx; dearer, pluris 
death, mors, -tis (f.); violent death, 

nex, necis (f.); to condemn to death, 

capitis damnare 
to declare, declare, -are 
to decline, vergo, -ere, (no perf. & 

sup.) 
a decoration, ornamentHxix, -x (n.) 



to decrease, decresco, -ere, decrevx, 

decretHirx 
to decree, stattio, -er<5, statux, statu- 

trixm 
to dedicate, consecro, -are 
a deed, actio, -oxxis (f.), factum, 

-x (n.) 
deep, altils, -a, -uxxx 
to defeat, vinco, -ere, vicx, victixirx 
a defect, vititxnx, -x (n.) 
to defend, defendo, -ere, defend!, de- 

fensiliix 
a defendant, reHs, -I (m.) 
a defender, defensor, -oris (m.) 
delay, dilatio, -oxils (f.) 
to delay, tardo, -are 
to deliberate, delibero, -are 
deliberation, dellberatio, -oixis (f.) 
to delight, delecto, -are 
to deliver, tra<! o, -ere, -Id.1, -ItHm; 

llbero, -are; to deliver from, eri- 

pio, -ere, erlptxx, ereptixiTx; to 

deliver a speech, orationem habere 
to demand, posco, -ere, poposci, (no 

sup.) 
to demolish, dlruo, -ere, -x, -tixixx; 

vasto, -are 
demolition, rulnae, -ax»liixx (f. pi.) 
Demosthenes, Demosthenes, -Is (m.) 
dense, densHs, -a, -ixixx; crassHs 

-a, -txixx 
to deny, nego, are 
to depart, exeo, -xr©, -II, -ItHnx; 

discedo, -ere, discessx, disces- 

sixnx; proficiscor, -i, profectixs 

sum 
to deprive, orbo, -are; privo, -are 
to derive, capio, -ere, cepx, cap- 

tiim 
to describe, describe, -ere, de?cripsi, 

descriptxiiix 
to desert, desero, -ere, -Hi, -tUnx 
a deserter, transftiga, -ae (m.) 
deserts, deserta, -oxuim (n. pi.) 
to deserve, mereo, -ere; meieor, 

-erl; not to deserve, non satis dignum 

esse 
deserved, deserving, meritHs,-a, -Hiix 
deservedly, met lto 
a design, consiliHirx, -i (n.) 



91 



desirable, optabilis, -&; expetendxis, 

-a, -xxxxx 
desire, cupiditas, -atis (f.); ciipido, 

-Ixxls (f.) 
to desire, opto, -are; desidero, -arS 
desirous, ctipidxxs, -a, -xxxxx 
to despair, despero. -are 
to despise, contemno, -ere; contemp- 

sx, contemptxxixx 
destiny, fatum, -I (n.) 
to destroy, deleo, -ere, -evx; 

-etxlixx; diriio, -ere, -I. -txxixx; 

everto, -ere, -evertx, -eversxxxxx; 

to destroy by fire, incenriio absum§re 

(absumpsx, absumptixixx) 
destruction, exriilixxxxx, -i (n.) 
to detain, retineo, -ere, retinxxx, re- 

teirtxiixx 
to detect, detego, -ere, detexx, detec- 

Irixixx 
to deter, deterrSo, -ere 
to determine, decerno,-ere, decrevl, 

decretxiixx; constnuo, -ere, con- 

stitxxx, const ltiitixxxx; statuo,-Sre, 

statux, stativtixnx 
to devastate, poptilor, -ari 
to devise, invenio, -Ire, inveni, in- 

ventxliix 
to devote one's self, studeo.-ere -ill, 

(no sup.) 
to devour, devoro. -are 
to dictate, dicto, -are 
a dictator, dictator, -oris (m.) 
a die, a'.ea, -ae (f.); tessera, -ae (f.) 
to die, moiior, -x, mortxxxxs sum 
to differ, abhorreo, -ere, -xxx, (no 

sup.) 
it makes no difference, nihil interest 
different, diversxxs, -a, -xxixx 
difficult, difffcills, -e 
to diffuse, dimmdo, -ere, diffiidx, dif- 

fiisxxixx 
to dig, fodio, -ere, fodx, fossxiixx 
dignity, dignitas, -atis (f.) 
diligence, dlligentTa, -ae (f.) 
diligent, dlligens, -tls 
to diminish, diminiio, -ere^ diminux. 

diminutxiixx 
dinner, cena, -ae (f.) 
Diogenes, Diogenes, -Is (m.) 



Biomedon, Diomedoxx, -oxxtls (m.) 

Dionysius, Dionysrixs, -x (m.) 

a disaster, incommodxxxxx, -I (n.); ca- 

lamitas, -atis (f.) 
to disband, dfmitto, -ex^S, diniisx, di- 

missixxxx 
to disceim, cerno, -ex*S (crevx, cre- 

trixxxx) 
to discharge, satisfacio, -ere, sStisfe- 

cx, satisfactxxixx (pass. satisfierl) 
a disciple, discipulixs, -x (m.) 
a discipline, discipllna, -ae (f.) 
to discourse, dissero, -er6, -txx, 

-txxixx 
to discover, detego, -er§, detexix, de- 

tectxxxxx 
a disease, morbxxs, -I (m.) 
diseased, aegrotans, -tris 
a disgrace, dedecxls, -oris (n.); igno- 

minia, -ae (f.); to bring great dis- 
grace, magno dedecori esse 
disgraceful, turpis, -e 
it disgusts, piget, -ere, -xxlt 
to be disheartened, aminos diniitte^e; 

(dlmisx, dlnrissxxxxx) 
dishonor, infamia, -ae (f.) 
to dismiss, dirnitto, -ere, dlmisx, dl- 

missxxxxx 
to dispense, careo, -ere, -xxx, (no 

sup.) 
to display, monstro. -are 
natural disposition, ingenixiixx, -x (n.) 
to dispute, dispiito. -are 
disregard, derelictio, -oxxis (f.) 
to dissuade, dissuadeo, -ere, dissua- 

sx, dissnasixixx 
at a distance, procul 
to be distant, abesse, absum, aful; disto, 

-are, (no perf. & sup.) 
distinction, discrimexx, -Iixis (n.) 
to distinguish one's self, excello, -Sre, 

(no perf. & sup.) 
distinguished, praestans, -tls ; to be 

distinguished, floreo, -ere, -xxx, 

(no sup.) 
to disturb, sollicito, -are 
to divide, dlvido, -6r6, divlsx, divi- 

sxxxix 
divine, divlnxxs, -a, -xxixx 
Dirifiacus, DIvTtiacxxs, -x (m.) 



— 92 



to do, f&cio, -er&, feci, factHm; to 
do evil, ill, male age^rS (egi, ac- 
triirn.); to do good, prodesse, prosiim, 
proful; to do right, recte facere; to do 
without, careo,-ere,-tII, (no sup.); 
nothing to do, nihil negotn; doing 
wrong, injuria, -ae (f.) 

a doctor, mediciis, -i (m.) 

a dog, canls, - (m.) 

a dolphin, delphlniis, -i (m.) 

dominion, regn-u.ni., -i (n.) 

a donkey, Sselliis, -i (m.) 

a door, ostiiim, -I (n.) 

to double, duplico, -ar§ 

a doubt, dubru-iri, -i (n.) 

to doubt, dubito, -are 

doubtful, dubitis, -a, -Hm 

to drag, traho, -er§, traxl, trae- 
tiira.; to draw after, ducto, -are; 
to draw enmities upon one's self, ini- 
micitias sibi conciiiare; to draw 
from, detraho, -ere, detraxl, de- 
tractriirn.; to draw of, abdiico, 
-ere, abduxl, abductiiiTi; to draw 
out, elicio, -ere, -til, -itiim. 

a dream, s omnium, -I (n.) 

to dream, somnlo, -are 

a drink, potto, -onis (f.) 

to drink, bibo, -ere, -I, (no sup.) 

to drive, impello, -e^r»e\ impuli, im- 
pulsum; to drive from, out, pelle- 
re, depellere; ejicio,-ere, ejecl, 
ejectruni 

a drop, gutta. -ae (f.) 

the Druids, Druides, -um (m. pi.) 

a drum, tympanum., -I (n.) 

to dry, sicco, -are 

a duck, anas, -atls (f.) 

dull, hebes, -etis 

dumb, mutus, -a, -iim 

during, per, inter (w. ace.) 

dust, pulvis, -eris (m.) 

a duty, ofr'icium, -i (n.) 

a dwarf pumilio, -onis (m. & f.) 
are 



to dwell, habito, 



3E. 



each, quisque 

eager, cupidus, -a, -um; avidus, 
-a, -iim 



an eagle, aquila, -ae (f.) 

the ear, auris, - (f.) 

early in the morning, mane; right early 

in the morning, bene mane 
to earn, consequor, -I, consecivtus 

stim 
the earth, terra, -ae (f.) 
an ear-witness, testis aurittis (m.) 
of ease, otioslxs, -a, -lira. 
easily, facile 

the east, onens, -tls (m.) 
easy, iacllls, -e; easy access, facili- 

tas, atls (f.) 
to eat, edo, -ere, edi, esum; ves- 

cor, -i, (no sup.) 
Ebro, Iberiis, -i (m.) 
an eclipse, defectio, -onis (f.); eclip- 

sis,-(f) 
to eclipse, obscuro, -are 
to make an edict, edlco. -ere, ediix:!, 

edietum 
to educate, educo, -are 
education, educa 16, -onis (f.), doc- 

trlna, -ae (f.) 
effeminacy of temper, niollities, -el 

(f.) 
effeminate, mollis, -e 
an egg, ovum, -I (n.) 

Egypt, Aegyptlxs. -i (f.) 

eighty, octoginta 

either, .or, aut. . aut\ vel. .vel 

elder, major naiu; the elder Cato, Cato 

major 
elegance, elegantia, -ae (f.) 
the elements of education, elementa (n. 

pj.) litteramm 
a7i elephant, elepliantils, -I (in.) 
eloquence, eloquentia, -ae (f.) 
eloquent, eloquens, -rls; disertus, -a, 

-iim; eloquently, eloquenter 
else, alius, -a, -ucl; elsewhere, alibi 
to embalm, condio, -Ire 
to embark, m naves imponere (ini- 

posu.1, impo.-ituniL) 
an embassy, legatio, -onis (f.) 
an emperor, imperator, -oris (m.) 
an empire, impenum, -I (n.) 
to employ, adhibeo, -ere; utor, -I, 

usiis sum 
empty, nfidiis, -a, -iim 



_ 93 — 



to emulate, aemtilor, -arl 

an end, finis, - (m.); at the end of, ul- 

timils, -a, -Hixx; to put an end, 

finio, -Ire 
to endeavor, conor, -ax*I 
endowed with, praeditixs, -a, -\xxxx; 

p.articeps, -Ipis 
to endure, fero, -x*e, txxli, latixixx 
enemy, adversariixs, -I ;(m.); hostis 

- (m.) 
energy, vires, -iilm. (f. pi.) 
English, Anglic lis, -a, -Urn. 
to engrace, incldo, -ere, incldl, incl- 

sixixx 
to enjoy, frtior, -x, (fruittis sum) 
enjoyment, jficunditas, -atls (f.) 
to enlarge, amplifico, -are 
enmity, lnimicitia, -ae (f.) 
enormous, ingens, -tis 
enough, satis 
to enter, intro, -are 
entire, omnis, -e 

to entreat, peto, -er8, -I vl, -Itiiiix 
to enumerate, enumero, -ax^e 
an envoy, orator, -oris (m.) 
envy, invidia, -ae (f.) 
to envy, invideo, -er§, invidi, invi- 

sum 
Epaminondas, EpamInondas,-ae(m.) 
Ephesus, Ephesixs, -I (f.) 
Ephesian, Ephesriis, -a. 4m 
an Epicurean, EpTcureiis, -I 
equal, par, pans; aequalis, -e 
equally, a equal iter, aeque 
to eradicate, exstirpo,-are 
to erect monument s,monumenta ponex»<5 

(posixl, posit~iixix) 
to err, erro, -are 
to escape, fugio,-ere\ fiigx, (no sup.): 

effugere 
especially, inprlmls, maxime. praecTpue 
to establish, confirmo, -are (peace); 

instituo,-ei , e,instituI,institu1:iira. 

(laws) 
an estate, praedru.ixx, -i (n.) 
to esteem, aestimo, -are; to esteem 

lightly, parvl penderS (pependx. 

pensxxrtx): to esteem of more value, 

pi Oris aestirnare 
to estimate aestimo, -ar6 



et&mal, aeternixs, -a, -Hm.; sempT- 

tennis, -a, -Urn 
eternity, aeternitas, -atls (f.) 
Euphrates, Euphrates, -Is (m.) 
Europe, Europa, -ae (f.) 

far, by far, multo, longe; very far, lon- 

gissime; far away from, procul a 
a farmer, agricola, -ae (m.) 
fat, pinguls, -£ 
a father, patSx*, -x*is (m.) 
a fault, culpa, -ae (f.); vitiixm, -I 

(n.) 
Faustulus, Faustulxxs, -x (m.) 
a favor, favox\ -oris (m.) 
to favor, fave7>,-ere, favx, fautxxixx; 
indulgeo, -ex*e, indulsl, indul- 
tlxxix 
fear, metxxs,-lxs (m.); tim6x , ,-ox^Is 

(m.) 
; a feast, convivixxiix, -I (n.) 
• a feather, pluma, -ae (f.) 
feeble, imbecillixs. -a, -tiiix 
J to feel, sentio, -Ix*e. sens!, sensixixx 
' the feelings, auimtxs, -x (m.) 
! to feign, sTmulo, -ar§ 
i a fellow-citizen, civis, - (m.) 
a fellow - soldier, commilito, -oixis 

(m.) 
fertility, fertTlitas, -atls (f.) 
fetters, vine til a, -oi^iiiix (n. pi.) 
jew. a few, paucx,-ae, -a 
fidelity, fides. -Si (f.) 
a field. agex\ -x*I (m.); rug, run's (n.) 
theffth, quintixs, -a, -itirx 
a fight, pugna, -ae (f.) 
; to fight, dimico, -are; pugno, -are; 
to fight a battle, pngnam committex*e 
(commlsi, commissi! ixx) 
: figure, forma, -ae (f.) 
! to fill up, compleo, -erS, -evl, 

-etixxxx 
! filled, refertixs, -a, -tinx 
: to find, reperio, -Ix»e, repperx, reper- 
txim; to find(ont), invenio, -Ire, 
inveni.inventxxiix; investigo.-aro; 
to find fault with, reprehendo, -<5r§, 
reprehendl , reprehensixrtx 
fine, pulohSr, -ra-. -rum 



94 — 



a finger, digltHs,-! (in.) 

to finish, flnio, -Ire; perficIS,-6r6, 

perfeci, perfectiim; conficio, 

-ere\confecx, confectiim (bellum) 
fire, ignis,- (m.) 
firm, fiimiis, -a., -um 
first, primiis, -a, -iim; at first, pri- 

mo, primum 
a fish, piscis, - (m.) 
to fish, pis cor, -ari 
fit, idoneiis, -a, -iim 
fitted, fitting, aptiis, -a, -iim 
five, quinque 
fixed, fixiis, -a, -Um. 
a flash of lightning, fulgur, -Is (n.) 
a flatterer, adulator, -oris (m.) 
flattering, blandiis, -a, -iim 
a fleece, vellUs, -eris (n.) 
a fleet, classls, - (f.) 
a flight, fuga,-ae (f.) 
a flock, grex, gregis (m.) 
to flock, conflu5,-ere, conflux:!, con- 

fluxum 
to flog, verbero, -are [sup.) 

to flourish, floreo, -er§, -Hi, (no 
to flow, fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxum 
a flower, flos, floris (m.) 
a fly, musca, -ae (f.) 
to fly, volo, -are; to fly off, away, a vo- 
lo, -are; to fly = to flee, fugio, 

-ere, fugi, (no sup.) 
a foe, hostis, - (m.) 
one's folks, sui, -oriim (ra. pi.) 
to follow, sequor, -i, secutiis stim; 

subsequor, -i, subsecutiis sum 
one's followers, sui, -orum (m. pi.) 
following, posteriis, -a, -iim 
folly, stultitia, -ae (f.) 
fond, amans, -tis 
food, cib-iis, -i (m.) 
a fool, stultiis,-x (m.) 
afoot, pes, pedis (m.) 
afoot-soldier, pedes, -Itis (m.) 
a footstep, vestigTiim, -I (n.) 
for, prep, pro (w. abl.); conjunct., nam, 

enim 
to forbid, veto, -are, -xii, -ItHm.; 

interdlco, -er<5, interdixii, interdic- 

tiim 
forces, copiae, -ariim (f. pi.) 



the forehead, irons, -tis (f.) 

foreign, alien\is,-a,--u.m; a foreigner, 

peregrlniis, -I (m.) 
forever, semper 

to forget, obliviscor, -I; oblltiis sum 
toforgwe, ignosco,-ere, ignovi, (no 

sup.) 
to form, efficlo, -ere, effecl, effec- 

tum 
former, pnoi*, -iis; pristlniis, -a, 

-iim; in former times, olim; the 

former victory, vetus victoria 
formerly, olim, quondam, an tea 
to forsake, desiim, deesse, deful; desero^ 

-ere, -HI, -tUm 
a fort, casteiliim, -I (n.) 
fortified walls, moenia, -iim (n. pi.) 
to fortify, munio, -ix*e 
fortune, fortuna, -ae; good fortune, 

fellcitas, -atls (f.) 
to found, condo, -ere, -Icil, -Itum 
a foundation, f'undamentilm, -I (n.) 
a fountain, fons, -tis (m,) 
four, quattuor 

frail, caduclxs, -a, -iim; fragills, -e 
frailty, fragiliias, -atls (f.) 
a fraud, fraus, -ells (f.) 
free, liber, -a, -vim; free from, vacu- 
us, -a, -iim; to be free from, va- 

care 
to free, llbero, -are 
freedom,, libertas, -atls (f.) 
to freeze, geiasco, -ere, (no perf. & 

sup.) 
frequent, creber, -ra, -rum; fre- 

quens, -tis 
frequently, crebro, saepe 
a friend, amlctis, -i (m.) 
friendship, aimcitia, -ae (f.) 
a frog, rana, -ae (f.) [abl.) 

from, a, ab, abs (w. abl.); e, ex, (w. 
frugality, Mgalitas, -atls (f.) parsi- 

monta, -ae (f.) 
fruit, fructtis, -Us (m.) 
fruitless, irritiis, -a, -Um 
a fugitive, ftigiens, -tis (m.) 
full, plenxis, -a, -iim 
a funeral pile, rogiis, -i (m.) 
furiously, vehementer 
future, ftituriis, -a, -iim 



95 



gain, lucriliix, -i (n.) 

to gain, adlpiscor, -I, adeptHs sum; 

consequor, -I, consecutiis sum; 

to gain advantage, fructum cap6r& 
Gallic, Ga]lic\is, -a, -iiiix 
a game, ludixs, -i (m.) 
gaming, lusiis, -lis (m.) 
a garrison, praesidiiiixx, -I (n.) 
a gate, porta, -ae (f.) 
a Gaul, GallHs. -i (m.) 
a gem, gemma, -ae (f.) 
a general, imperator, -oris (m.) 
a generation, saeculixiix, -i (n.) 
a German, Germaniis, -i (m.) 
Germany, Ger mania, -ae (f.) 
to get, nanciscoi*, -I, nactiis sum; to 

get one's self, sibi parare; to get up, 

surgo, -ex^e, surrex:!, surrectxirix; 

to get ready for war, bellum parare 
a gift, dos, dot is (f.) 
a girl, puella, -ae (f.); virgo, -Ixils 

(f.) 

to give, do, dare, dedl, datum; to give 
one's self up to, se dare (to ivork, labo- 
ri); to give notice, signiflVo, -are; 
to give as a present, dono dare; to give 
up (life) prof'undo, -e^re. profiidx, 
profiisiiiix; to give orders, impe- 
rii e; to give the command, praeticio, 
-ere, praefecl, praefecttim; to 
give in marriage, in matrimonium 
dare 

of glass, vitreHs, -a, -ilm 

to glide away, cedo, -er§, cessl, ces- 
siixix 

a globe, globHs. -i (m.) 

glorious, decorus. -a, -ixiri; magni- 
fuiis, -a, -Hxix; most glorious, pul- 
cherrimils, -a, -iiixx 

glory, gloria, -ae (f.) 

a gnat, cuiex:, -Icis (f.) 

to go, eo, Ire, IvI, Tturn; to go away 
ab£o, -Ire, -ii, -Itiim; to go (to 
war), proficiseor, -I, profectriis 
sum; to go (to battle), egredior, -I, 
egressils sum; to go to sleep, obdor- 
misco,-Sx'e, obdormxvl, obdorml- 
tum 

God, delis, -I (m.) 



a goddess, dea, -ae (f.) 

gold, aurUm, -I (n.) 

good, bonixs, -a, -iiixx; prosper, -a, 

-Hnx; very good, perbonus; a good, 

bonixnx, -I (n.); to do good, prodes- 

se; good health, prospera valetudo; 

good will, voluntas, -atis (f.),good 

qualities, bona, -oruin (n. pi.) 
goodness, benignitas, -atis (f.); sanc- 

titas, -atis (f.) 
a goose, anser, -Is (m.) 
a goosequill, penna anserina 
to govern, impero, -arS; rego, -<5x*e\ 

rex: I, rectUxxx 
government, regnxixxx, -I (n.); imperT- 

"U.XXX, -I (n.), administratis, -oxxls 

(of the world) (f.) 
a governor, praeses, -IcLIs (m.) 
Gracchus, Gracchxis, -I (m.) 
a grain, granixxix, -i (n.) 
a grandson, nepos, -otis (m.) 
a grandfather, avus, -I (m.) 
to grant, do, dare, dedi, datum 
granted that, tit; granted that not, ne 
a grape, uva, -ae (f.) 
grateful, gratus, -a, -xxixx 
a grave, sepulcrixnx, -I (n.) 
great, magnixs, -a, -Hnx; so great, 

tantxLs, -a, -xxixx; greatest, sum- 

mxxs, -a, -ilxrx 
Great Britain, Britannia, -ae (f.) 
greatly, magnopere 
greatness, magnitude, -Iixis (f.) 
Greece, GraecTa, -ae (f.) 
greed, ciipido, -Ixils (f.) 
Greek, GraecHs, -a, -ixrrx 
grief, dolor, -oris (m.), luctHs, 

-lis (m.) 
to grieve, doleo, -erS, -ill, Itiiixx; 

maereo, -er&, (no perf. & sup.); to 

be grieved, aegve pat! (patior, pas- 

sus sum); it grieves, pigSt, -er6, 

-lilt 
grievous, miser, -a, -iim 
the ground, terra, -ae (f ); locils, -I 

(m.); liumlis, -I (f.): to dig the 

ground, rus fodere 
to grow, cresoo, -Sre\ crevl, ere- 

tiiiTx; to grow old, senesco, -£x*£; 

senill, (no sup.) 



— 96 — 



a guard, praesiditim, -i (n.); to be on 
one's guard, cavSo, -«5r8, cavi, 
cautriim 

a guide, dux:, -cis (m.) 
guilty, noxitis, -a, -um; sons, -tis; 
a guilty person^ nocens, -tis 

H* 

hail, grandS, -Inis (f.) 

it hails, grand in at 

a hair, capillCis, -% (m.) 

the half, dimidiiim, -i (n.) 

the hand, mantis, -tis (f.); at hand, 

praesto; in the hands of, penes (w. 

ace); hand to hand, comminus 
to hand down, trado, -ere, -IcLx,. 

-itiim 
a handful, mantis, -tis (f.) 
handsome, pulcher, -ra, -riim 
Hannibal, Hannibal, -is (m.) 
it happens, fit, fieri, factum est; evenit, 

-ire, evenit; contingit, -ex^e, con- 
happily, feliciter [tigit 

happiness, fellcitas, -atis (f.) 
happy, beatiis, -a, -Hxix; felix, 

-icis 
hard, duriis, -a, -Um; (times) ardu- 

iis, -a, -Um 
hard, by, juxta (w. ace.) 
hardly, vix; hardly any, nullns fere 
hardship, labor, -oris (m.) 
a hare, lepiis, -oris 
to do harm, no ceo, -ere 
harmless, innoxitis, -a, -tim 
Harpagus, Harpagiis, -i (m.) 
Hasdrubal, Hasdrubal, -is (m.) 
to hasten, propero, -are 
to hatch, excludo, -ere, exclusi, ex- 

clustim 
to hate, odl, odisse 
hateful, odiostis, -a, -tim 
hatred, oditxm., -i (n.) 
haughtiness, arrogant la, -ae (f.) 
to have, habSo, -ere; to have to do 

with, versor, -arx 
he, she, it, is, ea, id 
the head, captxt, -xtxs (n.) 
to heal, euro, -are; sano, -are 
health, valetiido, -inis (f.); to be in 

good health, valSo, -ere 



a heap, acervxis, -i (m.) 

to hear, audio, -ire 

the heart, cor, cordis (n.); animtis,-i 

(ra.); a pure heart, pura mens; the 

heart of Germany, intima Germania 
heat, calor, -oris (m.) 
heaven, caeltim, -i (n.) 
heavenly, caelestis, -e 
heavy, gravis, -e 
a Hebrew, Hebraetis, -i (m.) 
Hector, Hector, -oris (m.) 
a hedge, saepes, -is (f.) 
an heir, here s, -ecLxs (m.) 
help, auxilriim, -i (n.) 
to help, adjuvo, -are, adjuvx, adju- 

txim; prodesse, prosum, proful 
a Helvetian, Helvetitis, -i (m.) 
alien, gallina, -ae (f.) 
hence, inde 

an herb, herba, -ae (f.) 
hereafter, mox 
a hero, lieros, -ois (m.) 
Herodotus, Herodottxs, -x (m.) 
to hesitate, dubito, -are 
hewn, quadratics, -a, -tim 
to hide, abscondo,-ex*e,-x<lx,-xtximL 
high, alttis, -a, -tixix; higher, superi- 

or, -tis 
himself, herself, itself, ipse 
to hinder, impedxo, -ire; officio, 

-ere, offecx, offectilnx 
to hire, conduco, -ere, conduxx, 

conducttxm 
his, her, its, sutis, -a, -tim 
a historian, historictis, -i (m.) 
history, liistona, -ae (f.) 
a hive, alvetis, -i (m.) 
to hold, habeo, -ere; teneo, -ere, 

Hi, tenttim 
a hole, caverna, -ae (f.) 
a holiday, dies festus; holidays, feriae, 

-artixrx (f. pi.) 
hollow, concavtis, -a, -tim. 
to (make) hollow, cavo, -ax*e 
a home, domicilitim, -i (n.); athome, 

doml; from home, domo; home, do- 
mum 
Homer, Homeitis, -i (m.) 
honest, hone»ttis, -a, -ilm; honestly, 

honeste 



— 97 



honesty, honestas, -atis (f.); hones- 

tiim, -i (n.) 
honey, mel, mellis (n.) 
an honor, honor*, -oris (m.) 
to honor, colo, -ere, coliil, cultiim 
honorable, honestiis, -a, -iim 
a hook, hamiis, -i (m.) 
a hoop, trochiis, -I (m.) 
hope, spes, spel (f.) 
to hope for, spero, -are 
Horace, HoratTiis,-i (m.) 
a horn, cornii, -lis (n.) 
horny, corneiis, -a, -iim 
a horse, equiis, -I (m.); horse, equi- 

tes, -iim (m. pi.) 
on horseback, equitans,-t:Is 
Hortensius, Hortensiiis, -I (m.) 
an hour, hora, -ae (f.) 
a house, dorniis, -fLs (f.); a noble 

house, nobilis locus 
a household thing, res domestiea 
how great, quantiis, -a, -iim; how 

long? quamdlu? how many? quot? 

how much ? quantum ? 
however, at, tamen, vero; however much, 

quamvis 
huge, ingens, -tis 
human, hfvmaniis, -a, -iim 
humanity, humanitas, -atis (f.) 
a hundred, centum 
hunger, fames, -Is (f.) 
hungry, fameliciis, -a, -"iim 
to be hungry, esurio, -Ire, (no perf. 

& sup.) 
to hunt, venor, -ari 
to hurt, noceo, -ere; laedo, -er6, 

laesl, laesiim 
hurtful, noxiUs, -a, -iim 
a husband, maritiis, -i (m.) 

I. 

I, ego, egomet 

ibis, ibis, - (f.) 

an idea, notio, -orals (f.) 

idle, ignaviis, -a, -iim; idle (hope), 

Inanls, -e 
if, si 
ignorant, ignariis, -a, -iim; insciiis, 

-a, -iim; imperitiis, -a, -iim; 

to be ignorant, ignoro, -are 



ill, aegrotiis, -a, -iim; tobeill, aegro- 

to, -are 
to illuminate, illustro, -arS 
illustrious, clariis, -a, -iim 
an image, imago, -Inis (f.) 
to imitate, Imitor, -ari 
imitation, lmitatio, -onis (f.) 
immediately, statim; immediately aftei*, 

secundum (w. ace.) 
immense, ingens, -tls; innume'rabT- 

lis, -e 
immortal, imraortalis, -e" 
immortality, immortalitas, -atis (f.) 
impenetrable, impenetrabilis, -S 
impious, impiiis, -a, -iim 
to implore, imploro, -are 
important, gravis, -e 
to improve, angSo, -er§, auxi, auc- 

tiim 
incapable of enduring, impatiens, -tis 
incited, commotiis, -a, -iim 
inclined, propensiis, -a, -iim 
income, vectlgal, -alls (n.); censiis, 

-lis (m.) 
inconsiderately, inconsulto 
inconstant, inconstans, -tis 
to increase, augeo, -ere, auxl, auc- 

tiim; cresco, -ere, crevl, cre- 

tiim 
incredible, incredibllis, -e" 
indeed, quidem, sane, profecto 
India, India, -ae (f.) 
to indicate, significo, -are; indico, 

-are 
indolence, ignavia, -ae; pigritia, -ae 

(f.) 
industry, industria, -ae (f.) 
to be inflamed, exardesco, -Sre, exar- 

sl, exarsiim 
to inform, certiorem facere (feci, fac- 

tiim) 
infrequency, rarttas, -atis (f.) 
to inhabit, incolo, -SrS, incoliil, in- 

cultiim 
an inhabitant, incola, -ae (m.) 
to injure, noceo, -ere; violo, -are 

(to violate) 
an injury, injuria, -ae (f.) 
injustice, injustitia, -ae (f.) 
inmost, intimiis, -a, -iim 



98 — 



innocence, innocently, -ae (f.) 
innocent, innocens, -txs 
innumerable, innumSrabilxs, -e" 
to inquire, quaere, -erS, quaeslvi, 
quaesxtriixxx; to inquire into, specto, 
-are; require, -<$r5, requlsx^vx, 
requlsxtilxxx 
an inscription, titulils, -i (m.) 
inspite, nolens, -tis 
instance, exemplixixx, -I (n.); for in- 
stance, St 
to instruct, erudxo, -xre 
an insult, injuria, -ae (f.) 
integrity, integritas, -atxs (f.) 
intercourse, consuetudS, -xixxs (f.) 
interest, usura, -ae (f.) 
it interests, is the interest, interest 
to interpolate, intercalo, -arS 
an interpreter, interpret, -Stls (ra.) 
to intervene, obsto,-are, obstiti, (no 

sup.) 
the intestines, intestina,-oxnxixx (n.pl. ) 
intimacy, familiaritas, -atis (f.); in 

the greatest intimacy, familiarissime 
on intimate terms, familiariter 
into, in (w. ace) 
intolerable, intolerabilxs, -e 
to introduce, induce, -erS, induzxix, 

inductrixm. 
to invent, invenxo,-xrS, invenx, inven- 
to invite, invite, -ax^S [turn 

the Ionians, Iones, -Urn (m. pi.) 
Ireland, HTbernia, -ae (f.) 
irksome, molestixs, -a, -ilxxx 
iron, ferritin, -I (n.) 
an island, insula, -ae (f.); the Islands 

of the Blessed, insulae fortunatae 
Isocrates, Isocrates, -Is (m.) 
an Italian, Italixs, -i (m.) 
Italy, Italia, -ae (f.) 



a javelin, jacuTdixL, -1 (n.) 
Jerusalem, Hierosolyma, -ox^iliix (n. 

pi.) 
a jest, jo cixs, -I (m.); in jest, fico 
to be joined, adhaerSo, -er6, adhae- 

sl, adhaesllm. 
a journey, itSr, -IixSris (n.) 
joy, gauditxniL, -I (n.) 



a judge, judex, -Icis (m.); a better 
judge, perltior 

to judge, judico, -ar8; to judge of, 
probo, -arS 

judgment, judiciUm, -x (n.); severe 
judgment, severitas, -atis (f.); ac- 
cording to my judgment, judicio 

Jugurtha, Jugurtha, -ae (m.) 

Julius, JuliUs, -x (m.) 

Jupiter, Jupiter, Jo vis (m.) 

the jury, jiidices, -xxiix (m. pi.) 

just, justiis, -a, -Him; just, ips& 

justice, justitia, -ae (f.) 

justly, merito 



to keep, h&b^o, -er6; retineo, 
-er6, -iil, retentilirx; (of ani- 
mals) alo, -ere, -xxl, -xtxxixx; to 

keep one's hands from, abstmerS 
maims; to keep (a treaty) servare; to 
keep out, depello, -erS, depull, de- 
pulsixnx; to keep up, ten So, -erS, 
tenxix, tentxxnx 

a keeper, custos, -odis (m.); to be a 
keeper, paseo.-e^e\ } avx,pas-txxixx 

to kill, interficio, -Sre\ interfecx, in- 
terfectlxixx 

kind, benevoliis, -a, -Hnx 

a kind, genHs, -Srxs (n.); a kind of, 
quldam 

kindness, beneficiiim, -x (n.) 

a king, rex, regis (m.) 

kingly, regiUs, -a, -um 

a kinsman, propinquHs, -x (m.) 

a kite, miluxis, -x (m.) 

a knight, equSs, -xtxs (m.) 

to know, cognosce, -6rS, cognovx, 
cognrtHm.; novi, novisse; not to knou\ 
ignore, -arS; nescxo, -Ir5; one 
who does not know, ignarils, -a, 
-Hxxx 

knowledge, scientTa, -ae (f.) 

known, notxis, -a, -Um 

labor, 15bor, -oris (m.) 

to labor, lSboro, -arS 

a Lacedaemonian, LactSdaemoniiis, -x 

(m.) 



99; — 



laden, onustiis, -a, -ilxxx 

lame, claudxis, -a, -xxxxx 

the land, terra, -ae (f.); in the land of, 
apud (w. ace); by land and sea, ter- 
ra marlque; by land, pedibus 

a land animal, animal terrestre 

the language, lingua, -ae (f.); vox, vo- 
cis(f.) 

large, magnxls, -a, -Hixx; at large, 
universxls, -a, -iinx 

a lark, alauda, -ae (f.) 

last, ultTmixs, -a, -xxxxx; postremiis, 
-a, -ilixx; proximxis, -a, -xxixx 

to last, duro, -are 

too late, serxis, -a, -vim 

lately, nil per 

Latin, Latlnxis, -a, -xxixx 

the latter, hie, ilia 

to laugh, rldeo, -erS, i-isi", rlsxxiix 

law, jus, juris (n.); lex, legis (f.); civil 
laic, jus civile 

it is lawful, licet, -xi.il:, -ere 

to lay down, pono, -ere, posxil, po- 
sxtrixixx; (an office) se abdicare; to 
lay (a way), aedificare 

lazy, piger, -ra, -rum 

lead, plumbxixix, -i 

to lead, duco, -ere; duzxix, ducxruxxx; 
to lead, forth, across, transducere; to 
lead out, educere; it toould lead to 
far, Ionium est; to lead a life, vitam 
agex*e (egx, -acxruxix) 

a leader, dux, duels (m.) 

a leaf, folrixnx, -I (n.) 

to leap across, transilxo, -IrS, -Hi, 
(no sup.) 

to learn, disco. -ere, dxdicx,(no sup.) 

learned, doctxis, -a, -iim; a learned 
man, doctils, -I (m.) 

learning, doctrlna, -ae (f.) 

least, minimxis, -a, -xxxxx 

to leave (behind), relinquo, -SrS, rS- 
Hqul, relictiiixx 

led on, inductHs, -a, -iiixx 

left, sinister, -x*a, -rum 

the leg, crus, cruris (n.) 

a legion, legio, -onis (f.) 

to lend, commodo, -ax»e 

length, longinqultas, -atxs (f.); at 
length, tandem 



Lentulus, Lentulxxs, -x (m.) 

less, minor, -xis; adv. minus 

to lessen, levo, -are 

to let (a house), loco, -arS; to let slip, 
praetermitto, -ere, praetermlsx, 
praetermissxixxx 

a letter, epTstula, -ae (f.); litterae, 
-arxxixx (f. pi.); letters, litterae, 
-arxiixx (f. pi.) 

of Leuctra, Leuctricxxs, -a, -xxixx 

a liar, homo mendax (-Iixxs -a- 
cis) 

liberal, llberalxs, -e 

liberality, llberalitas, -atis (f.) 

a library, bibliotheca, -ae (f.) 

a lictor, lictor, -oris (m.) 

a tie, mendaciixiix, -I (n.) 

to lie, tell a lie, mentxox^, -Iri 

to lie, jaeeo, -erS 

life, vita, -ae (f.) 

lifeless, exanimxs, -<$ 

light, lux, lucis (f.) 

light (not heavy), levxs, -e" 

lightning, fulgur, -Is (n.); a lightning, 
(that strikes), fnlmeix, -xixxs (n.) 

like (adj.), simtlxs, -e; instar; (con-: 
junct), tit, siciit 

to like, amo, -are; libel, -ere 

liked, gratiosxxs, -a, -uxxx 

a likeness, imago, -xixxs (f.); effigi- 
es, -ex (f.) 

likewise, item 

a limit, modus, -x (m.) 

to limp, eland ico, -are 

a line, Hnea, -ae (f.); a line of life, ge- 
nus vitae; aline of battle, acies, -ex 

a lion, leo, -oixxs (m.) 

Liscus, LiscHs, -x (m.) 

literary studies, studium litterarum 

a litter, lectica, -ae (f.) 

little, paucae res; a little one, parvulxxs, 

-I (m.) 
to live, vivo, -ere\ vixx, victxxiix 
living, vTvxis, -a, -xxixx; a living being 

animans, -txs (m., f. & n.) 
to lodge, habito, -are 
lofty, celsxxs, -a, -xxixx; excelsxxs, -a, 

-txixx 
London, LondlnxLux, -x (n.) 



— 100 — 



long, longHs, -&, -xxm; long — fai* a 
long time, diu 

to long for, exopto, -arS 

to look, specto, -ax*e; to look at, to look 
upon, intueor, -eri, intuxtiis 
sum; to look for, peto. -er§,-ivi, 
-xtxxnx; exspecto, -are; to look 
into, inspicxo, -6re, inspezxix, in- 
spectixixx; to look out for, quaero, 
-er§, quaesxvx, quaesxtxxxn; to 
look into the future, futura prospi- 
cere 

loquacity, loquacitas, -atis (f.) 

to lose, amitto, -er<5, amTsx, amis- 
sixixx 

a loss, damnum, -i; jactiira,-ae (f.); 
interitixs, -ixs (m.) 

a lot, sors, -tis (f.); a hard lot, aspera 
fortuna 

lovable, amabilis, -e 

love, amor, -oris (m.); love of letters, 
studium litterarum 

to love, amo, -ar§; diligo, -6rS, di- 
lexx, dllectrixiix 

a lover (of truth), dlligens. -txs 

lower, inferTox*, -txs; lowest, infimxis, 
-a, -Hnx; low stature, brevitas, 
-atis(f.) 

loyalty, fides, -el (f.) 

Lucania, Lucania, -ae (f.) 

Lucanian, Lucanils, -a, -ixixx 

Lucilius, Lucllriis, -I 

a lung, pulmo, -onis (m.) 

to lure, allicxo, -ere, allezxix, allec- 
triiixx 

a lurking place, latebra, -ae (f.) 

lust, libido, -Inis (f.) 

luxury, luxtiria, -ae (f.) 

Lycurgus, Lycurgixs, -i (m.) 

Lydia, Lydia, -ae (f.) 

a Lydian, Lydixs, -I (m.) 

lying, mendaciUm, -i (n.) 



mad, r&biosixs, 



1ST. 

-a, -Hixx 



madness, amentia, -ae (f.) 
Maecenas, Maecenas, -atxs (m.) 
a magistrate, ma>istratHs, -tis (m.) 
a magnet, magnes, -etxs (m.) 
magnetic, magneticixs, -a, -Urn 



magnificence, splendor, -oris (m.) 
magnificent, magnificixs, -a, -Hlxtl 
magnitude, magnitudo, -Ixxis (f.) 
to maintain, servo, -are; habeo, 

-erS 
to make, facxo, -ere\ feci, factHm; 
efficxo, -ex'S, effecx, effectxxixx; 
reddo, -ere, -Idx, -xxtulitx; to 
make of very little account, minimi fa- 
cere; to make the acquaintance, cog- 
nosco,-ere, cognovi, cognitruxrx; 
to make friends, amicos comparare; 
to make for Italy, Italiam petex^ 
(-xvx, -xtlixxx); to make one's self 
master of, potior, -xrx; to make bad 
use, abutox*, -x, abusHs sum; to 
make a present, dono dare (decii, 
datixixx); to make an edict, edico, 
-€re\ edixx, edictxiiix; to make 
war upon, bellum inferre (intuli, in- 
latum) alicui 
a maker, architectHs, -I (m.) 
man, a man, homo, -xixis (m.); vir, 
-x (m.); one's men, sux, -ortirix (m. 

pi.) 

Manlius, Manlru.s,-x (m.) 

manner, mod Us, -x (m.); after the 
manner, ritu; amiable manners, hu^ 
manitas, -atxs (f.); in no manner, 
nullo mo do 

many, multxxs, -a, -Hnx; as many as 
possible, quam plurimi 

marble, marmor, -Is (n.) 

Marcus, Marcxxs, -x (m.) 

Marius, Mariixs, -x (m.) 

to mark off, describo, -6rg, descrip- 
sl, descriptixnx 

a market, mercatxxs, -Us (m.) 

a marriage, matrimonixim, -I (n.) 

to marry (of the woman), nubo, -ere\ 
nupsx, nuptilixx 

Marseilles, Massilia, -ae (f.) 

a marsh, palUs, -HcLIs (f.) 

a mass (of gold), vis, - (f.) 

a Massilian, Massiliensxs, - (m.) 

a master (teacher), m.8Lg\st&i?,-tiri; rec- 
tor, -oris: to make one's self mas- 
ter of, potior, -xrx; maslei* of, com- 
pos, -otxs 

material, materies, -el (f.) 






— 101 



it is no matter, nihil interest 

it matters, interest, refert 

a meadow, praturtL, -i (n.) 

mean, sordidiis, -a, -urn. 

means, facultas, -atis (f.); opes, 

-iim (f. pi.); by no means, minime; 

by means of, per (w. ace) 
meanwhile, interim 
measure, modiis,-i(m.); in a measure, 

quodammodo 
to measure, metlor, -Iri, mensiis 
meat, caro, -nis (f.) [sum 

Media, Media-, -ae (f.) 
a medicine, medicina, -ae (f.) 
mediocrity, mediocritas, -atis 
a meeting, conventiis, -us (m.) 
to melt, sol vi, solutiis sum 
memory, memoria, -ae (f.) 
mention, mentio, -onis (f.) 
a merchant, mercator, -oris (m.) 
a merit, virtus, -litis (1.) 
a metal, metallu.ro., -i (n.) 
Metellus, Metelliis, -i (m.) 
to migrate, migro, -ar$ 
mild, mitls, -e 

mildness, mansuetudo, -Inis (f.) 
a mile, miliar ru.ni., -i (n.); mille pas- 

suurn 
military service, militia, -ae (f . ) 
of Miletus, Milesius, -a, -um 
milk, lac, lactis (n.) 
the mind, mens, -tis (f.); animus, -I 

(m.) 
to mind, attendo,-Sre, attendl, atten- 

tiim.; euro, -are 
mindful, memor, -Is 
Minos, Minos, -ois (m.) 
a mirror, speculum, -I (n.) 
a miser, avarus,-! (m.) 
miserable, miser, -a, -iim 
misery, mlserla, -ae (f.) 
misfortune, malum, -I; cSlamitas, 
.. ^atis(f.) 
to be mistaken, erro, -arc£; fallor, -1, 

falsiis sum 
Miihridates, Mithridates, -Is (m.) 
mockery, ludlbrliim, -I (n.) 
.moderation, abstlnentla, -ae (f.) 
.modest, modestus, -a, -iim; verecun- 

diis, -a, -iim 



modesty, modestla, -ae (f.) 

a moment, momentum, -I (n.) 

money, peciinia, -ae (f.) 

a month, mensis, - (m.) 

a monument, monumeutum, -I (n.) 

the moon, lima, -ae (f.) 

morals, mores, -lira. (n. pi.) 

more, plus, mag is, amplius; moi~e or less, 

allquid 
morning (adj.), mativtiniis, -a> -iim; 

(subst.), tempus matutlnnm 
the morning-star, Lucifer, -I (m.) 
the morrow, dies crastlnus 
mortal, mortalis. -e 
most, plurimiis, -a, -iim; plerique, 

pleraeque, pleraque; (adverb), ma- 

xime, plurlmum 
a mother, mater, -ris (f.); genetrix:, 

-Icls(f.) 
motion, mottis, -lis (m.) 
a mound, agger, -Is (m.) 
a mount, mountain, mons, -tls (m.) 
to mourn, lugeo, -ere, luxi, luc- 

tum; maerSo, -ere, (no perf. & 

sup.) 
a mouse, mus, murls (m.) 
the mouth, os, -oris (n.); (ofariver), os- 

tia, -ae (f.) 
to move, moveo, -er§, movi, mo- 

rum; commoveo, -er§, commo- 

vx, commorurn.; to move out, egre- 

dior, -i, egressus sum 
much, multiis, -a, -iim., very much, 

plurimtis, -a, -iim; permulttis, 

-a, -um; (adv.), valde; too much, 

nimis, nimium; so much as, tarn.. 

quam 
to mulct, mulcto, -arS 
a multitude, multitudo, -inis (f.) 
Mummius, Mummius, -i (m.) 
a mwrcter,caedes,-Is (f.); nex, neols 

(f.) 
to murder, occldo, -£r«5, occid.1, occi- 

sum 
music, music e, -es (f.) 
mute, mutus, -a, -iim 
mutual, mutuus, -a, -iim 
my, meiis, -a, -iim 
Myndus, Myndiis, -I (f.) 
myself, ipse 



— 102 — 



IN". 
naked, nudiis, -a, -iim 
a name, nomen, -Ixils (n.) 
to name, nomino, -ai^e 
Naples, Neapolls, - (f.) 
Narbo, Narbo, -onis (m.) 
to narrate, narro, -are 
a narrative, narratlo, -orals (f.) 
a narrator, scriptor, -oris (m.) 
narrow, angustiis, -a, -iim 
a nation, natio, -onis (f.); populiis, 

-I (m.); gens, -tis (f.) 
natural, naturalis, -S; natural disposi- 
tion, ingeniiim, -i (n.) 
nature, natiira, -ae (f. ) 
naval, navalis, -e 
nay, immo 

near, propinquiis, -a, -iim.; nearer, 
proplor, -iis; nearest, proximiis, 
-a, -iim 
near (prepos.), prope, propter, juxta. (w. 

ace.) 
nearly, paene 
necessary, necessariiis, -a, -iim; it 

is necessary, opus est 
necessity, neeessitas, -a1:Is (f.) 
the neck, cervix:, -Icis (f.); colliim, 

-i (n.) 
to be in need, egeo, -er5, -til, (no 

sup.) 
there is need, opus est, oportet 
needless, supervacuiis, -a, -iim 
to neglect, neglego, -5re, neglexl, 

neglectiim 
to neigh to, adhinnlo, -irS 
neighing, hinnitiis, -lis (m.) 
a neighbor, viciniis, -I 
neither (of the two), neuter, -ra, 

-riim 
neither, .nor, neque. .neque; nee. .nee 
Neoptolemus, Neoptolemiis, -I (m.) 
Nepos, Nepos, -otis (m.) 
Neptune, NeptunfLs, -I (m.) 
a nerve, nerviis, -I (m.) 
a nest, nldiis, -I (m.) 
Nestor, Nestor, -oris (m.) 
a net, rete, -Is (n.) 
never, numquam 
nevertheless, tamen 
new, nSviis, -a, -iim 



New York, Eboraciim No viim (-1,-1 ) 
next, proximiis, -a, -iim; next to, 

(prepos.) secundum (w. ace) 
the night, nox, -otis (f.) 
a nightingale, luscmia, -ae (f.) 
night-time, tempus nocturnum 
the (river) Nile, Nlliis, -I (m.) 
nine, novem 
ninety, nonaginta 
the ninth, noniis, -a, -iim 
no, no one, nulliis, -a, -iim; nemo, 

-inis 
nobility, nobilitas, -atis (f.) 
noble, nobilis, -e; the nobles, vtrinobt- 

les 
nobody, nemo, -inis 
none, nulliis. -a, -iim 
noon, merldies, -el (m.) 
nor, nee 

the northwind, boreas, -ae (m.) 
the ?wse, nasiis, -i (m.) 
not, non; not only, .but also, non solum 

. . sed etiam 
nothing, nihil, nulla res; nothing to do, 

nihil negofii 
to give notice, signTfico, -arS 
to nourish, alo, -erS, aliii, alitiirn. 
noxious, noxiiis, -a, -iim 
Numa Pompilius, Ntlma Pompiliiis 

(-ae, -I) 
Numantia, Numantta, -ae (f.) 
a number, numerus, -I (m.) 
to number, numero, -arS 
numberless, innunierabills,-e; innume'- 

riis, -a, -iim 
Numidia, N timid 1a, -ae (f.) 
Numitor, NumTtor, -oris (m.) 

O. 

an oath, religio, -onis (f.) 

to obey, pareo, -erS; to obey the laws, 
legibus utl (iisus sum) 

under obligation, alTcul restrictiis, -a, 
-iim 

obliging, dulcis, -e 

to obscure, obscuvo, -are* 

to observe = to utter, dico, -£re\ 
dixl, dictiim; to observe justice, 
justitiam servare; to observe a limit, 
modum tenere^ (tenul, tentiim) 



— 103 



to obtain, paro, -are^adipiscor, -i, 

adeptiis stim 
an occupation, negolliiiriL, -I (n.) 
to occupy, occiipo, -are 
the ocean, oceairCLs, -I (m.) 
Oetavia, OctavTa, -ae (m.) 
odd, inrpar, imparls 
of, e, ex, de (w. abl.) 
to offer, offero, -re. obtuli, oblatum; 

propono, -ere, propositi, proposi- 

tiiiii: to offer one's selfse praebe- 

re; to offer resistance, resisto, -ere, 

restrti, (no sup.) 
the office of praetor, praetfira, -ae (f.) 
often, saepe 
old, vet iis, -eris. (to denote the age) 

natiis. -a, -lira.; older, major natu; 

old age, senectiis, -litis (f.) 
an olive, olea. -ae (f.) 
Olumpia. Olympia, -ae (f.) 
on, 10, de, stiper (w. abl.) 
once, semel; quondam 
one, UDUS, -a, -iim; one. .another, 

alms, .alius; the one.. the other, alter 

. .alter; one of two, alter 
one-eyed, monocuiiis, -a, -iim 
only, tanium 

onslaught, impetus, -"Qs (m.) 
open, apertiis. -a, -iim 
to open, patefacio, -er<§, patefeci, pa- 

tefactiim (pa^s. patef lerl); aperio, 

-ire, -ill. apertiim 
openly, palam 
an opinion, opinio, -0111s (f.); sen- 

tentia, -ae (f.) 
an opponent, adversariiis, -i (m.) 
an opportunity, oceasio. -0111s (f.) 
to oppose, oppono, -ere, -opposiii, 

oppositiim: reluct or. -ari 
opposite to, contra ( w. ace. ) 
to oppress, gravo, -are 
opulent, opuleotiis, -a, -iim 
or, aut, slve, -ve (appended), vel; or not, 

annon, necne; either.. or, aut.. aut; 

vel. .vel; whether, .or, slve. .slve 
an oracle, oraculiim. -i (n.). 
an orator, orator, -oris (m.) 
an orchard, pornarTiim, -i (n.) 
to ordain, instituo, -ere, insttaii, in- 

stitutiim 



order, ordo. -Inis (m.); by order, 
. jussu; contrary to orders, contra im- 

perium; to give orders, imperare 
to order, jtibeo, -ere, jussi, jus- 

siim; mando, are 
the organ of hearing, audltiis, -"ds 

(m.) 
Orgetorix, Orgetorizx:, -Igis (m.) 
origin, orlgo, -inis (f.) 
an ornament, deciis, -oris (n.) " 
Orpheus, Orpheus, Orphef (m.) 
other, aliiis, -a, -lid; (of two) alter, 

-Jbl, -um 
otherwise, aliter, sectis 
/ ought, debeo, -ere; it ought, opor- 

tet, -ere, -iiit 
our, noster, -ra, -rtim 
out of, e, ex (w. abl.); extra (w. ace) 
an outrage, injuria, -ae (f.) 
over, super, supra, trans (w. ace); over 

against, contra (w. ace) 
overbearing, stiperbiis, -a, -iim. 
to overcome, preino, -ere, pressi, 

pressiim; vinco, -ere, vlci, vic- 

tiiixi 
overflow, abundantia, -ae (f.) 
to overtake, deprehendo, -ere, depre- 

hendl, deprehensiiiii; opprTmo, 

-ere, oppress!, oppressiim 
to overthrow, everto, -ere, everti, 

eversiim 
to owe, debeo, -ere 
an otcl, nocttia, -ae (f.), liltila, -ae, 

(f.) ' 
his, her, its own, suiis, -a, -iiiii 

owner, doimnxis. -I (m.) 
an ox, bos, bo vis (m.) 



a page, pagTnsi, -ae (f.) 

pain, dolor, -oris (m.) 

to paint, pingo, -ere, pinxi. pic- 

tlim 

a painter, pictor, -oris (m.) 
Palatine, Palatini! s, -a, -iim 
a parent, parens, -tis (m. & f. ) 

parricide, parricldiiiiii, -i (n.) 
apart, pars, -tis (f.) 
partaker, particeps, -ii>is 
a Parthian, Parthiis, -I (m.) 



104 



partiality, studixiixx, -1 (n.) 

particular, certxis, -a, -um; most 
particularly, maximopere 

to pass away, transeo, -Ix*<5, -li, 
-Ixrixiix; intereo, -xre, -ii, 
-Ixtuixx; to pass by or on, praetei eo, 
-Ir<5, -Ii, -xtxxxxx; to pass into 
heaven, pervenire in caelum; to pass 
one's life, vitara agSr& (egx, ac- 
"tixixx); to pass over, transcendo, 
-ex*e, transcend!, transcensxxxxx; 
trans&o, -Ire, -II, -Ixrixixx; to 
pass through, tran^mitto, -&x»e, 
transmisl, transmissxxixx 

a passage, iter, -ineris (n.); transi- 
txxs, -us (m.) 

passion, cup id it as, -atxs (f.) 

past, praeteritxis, -a, -xxixx 

a pasture, pascuxxxxx, -I (n.) 

paternal, paternxxs, -a, -u.m. 

patience, patientla, -ae (f.) 

patiently, patienter 

a patrician, patricTxxs, -I (m.) 

a patron, patronxis, -I (m.) 

Paul, Paulxxs, -I (m.) 

to pay, pendo, -er<5, pependl, pen- 
sxxxxx; to pay o?ie's respects, saluto, 
-are 

peace, pax, pacis (f.); peace and quiet, 
bona pax 

a peacock, pavo, -onis (m.) 

a pear, pirxxxxx, -I (n.) 

a peck, modixis, -I (m.) 

peculiar, propnxxs, -a, -xxixx 

Pelopidas, Pelopidas, -ae (m.) 

Peloponnesian, Peloponnesiacxxs, -a, 
-xxxix 

to penetrate, penetro, -are 

a people, populxis, -I (m.); people, ho- 
mines; other people's, alienxxs, -a, 
-xxixx; all people, cunctl, -ae. -a 

to perceive, sentio, -Ire, sens!, sen- 
sxxxxx 

perchance, forte 

perched, sedens, -tis 

perfect, perfeetxxs, -a, -xxxix; perfectly, 
plane 

a Pergamean, Pergamenxxs, -I (m.) 

Pergamum, Pergamxxxix, -I (n.) 

perhaps, forsitan, fortasse 



Pericles, Pericles, -Is (m.) 
a pei-iod, tempxxs, -oris (n.) 
to perish, intereo, -Ire, -II, -Itxim.; 
peieo, -ire, -II, -itxxixx 

a perjury, perjurixxiix, -I (n.) 
permission, coneessxxs, -lis (m.) 
pernicious, perniciosxxs. -a, -Um; 

a most pernicious evil, res perniciosis- 

sima 
a Persian, Persa, -ae (m.) 
a person, homo, -Ixxls (m.); o, guilty 

person, nocens, -tis 
perspiration, sudox^, -oris (m.) 
to persuade, suad&o, -ere, suasl, 

suasxxxix; persuadeo, -ere, persu- 

asl, persuasxxixx 
apei^usal, lectio; -onis (f.) 
Philip, Philippxxs, -i (m.) 
a philosopher, philosophies, -I (m.) 
Phoenicia, Phoenicia, -ae (f.) 
a physician, mediexxs, -i (m.) 
apiece of land, fundxxs, -I (m.) 
to pierce, confodio, -€r€, confodl, 

confossxxxix 
piety, pietas, -atls 
a funeral pile, rogxxs, -I (m.) 
apilloio, pulvlnxis, -I (m.) 
a pilot, gubernator, -oris (m.) 
a pint, sextarixxs, -I (m.) 
pious, pixis, -a, -xxixx 
a pirate, plrata, -ae (m ) 
to pitch (a camp); pono, — 6rS, po- 

sxxi, positxxxxx 
a pitchfork, furca, -ae (f.) 
pity, misencordia, -ae (f.) 
a place, locxxs, -I (m.); in place of, lo- 
co alicujus 
to place on, impono, -Sre, imposxxl, 

imposltxxxxx 
a plague, pestxs, - (f.) 
a plain, campxxs, -I (m.) 
plain, perspicuxxs, -a, -xxixx 
apian, consilixxixx, -I (n.) 
to plan, mo lor, -iri 
a planet, planeta, -ae (f.); the planet 

Saturn, Venus, stella Saturni, Veneris 
to plant, sero, -ere, sevl, satxxixx 
planted, consitxxs, -a, -xxixx 
a Plataean, Plataeensis, - (m.) 
a play, ludxxs, -I (m.) 



— 105 






to play, ludo, -ex*e\ lusx, -sum 
pleasant, jucundxxs, -a, -xxxxx 
pleasing, gratis, -a, -ixm 
pleasure, voluptas; -atls (f.); at 

pleasure, ad nutum 
plenty, affatTm 
Pliny, Pllnixxs, -i (m.) 
a plow, aratrxxm, -I (n.) 
to plow, aro, -are - 
to pluck, carpo, -erS, carpsx, carp- 

txxm; to pluck out, evello, -e^re, 

evellx, evulsxxxxx 
plunder, rapinae, -ai'xxxix (f. pi.) 
to plunder, spoiio, -are; diripio, 

-Sr£, diripiil, dlreptxxirx 
to plunge, se projicex^e (projecx, pro- 

jectxxxix) 
Pluto, Pluto, -oxxls (ra.) 
a poet, poeta, -ae (m.) 
a poison, venenxxm, -I (n.) 
Pompey, Pompejiis, -i (n.) 
Politic, Ponticxxs, -a-, -iim 
poor, pauper, -Is 
the populace, plebs, -Is (fj 
a portion of time, tempixs, -oris 
a position, locxxs, -I (m.) 
to possess, possideo, -ere, possedx, 

possessixm 
a possession, res, -rel (f. ); bonxim, -i 

(n.); possessio, -oxxls (f.) 
a post, locxxs, -I (m.) 
poverty, paupertas, -atls (f.) 
power, potentia, -ae (f.); potestas, 

-atls (f.); vis, - (f.); desire for 

power, cupiditas regni 
powerful, potens, -tis 
powerless to control, impotens, -tis 
a practice, usxis, -lis (m.); extrcita- 

tio, -oxils (f.) 
to practice, exerceo, -ere; to practice 

justice, virtutem, justitiam colere 
praise, laus, -dis (f.) 
to praise, laudo, -are 
praiseworthy, laude dignxis, -a, -iim 
pray, -nam, tandem 
to pray, oro, -are 
to precede, autegredior, -i, antegres- 

sxLs sum; antecedo, -ex*<5, anteces- 

si, antecessiim; praecurro,-erS, 

praecurri, praecursxxm 



a precept, praeceptiim, -I (n.) 

precious, nobilis, -e^ 

a precursor, praenuntixis, -I (m.) 

to predict, praedico, -6re, praedixx, 

praedietxxm 
to prefer, antepono, -ere, anfceposxil, 

antepositiim 
in preference, prae (w. abl.) 
premature, immaturxis, -a, -xxm 
in presence of, coram (w. abl.) 
a present, donxxxix, -I (n.); to give as 

a present, dono dSre; donare 
to present with, dono, -are" 
to press sorely, urgeo, -ere, ursl, 

(no sup. ) 
pressing, urgens, -tis 
to prevent, impedio, -xrS; repello, 

-ere, rep till, repulsxim 
of prey, rapazs:, -aols 
Priam, Priamxxs, -i (m.) 
a price, pretiiim, -I (n.); at a very 

high price, plurimo (pretio), at a low 

price, parvo; at a very low price, mi- 

nimo; at the same price, tantldem 
pride, superb la, -ae (f.) 
to pride one's self, superblo, -ire, (no 

perf. & sup. ) 
a priest, sacerdos, -otis (m.) 
a prince, princeps, -Ipis (m.) 
principally, maxime, praeciptie 
of printing, typograplncxxs, -a, -iim 
a prison, career, -Is (m.) 
privately, secreto 
probable, veri simills, -e 
probity, probitas, -atls (f.) 
to proceed, contendo, -ere, contendl, 

contentiim 
a procession, pompa, -ae (f.) 
to proclaim, narro, -are 
to pi*oduce, procreo, -are" 
projecting, procerxxs, -a, -xxm 
prominent, excellens, -tis; to bepi*o- 

minent, emineo, -erS, -til, (no 

sup.) 
to promise, polliceor, -eri; promit- 

to, -er§, promlsi, promissxxm 
prone, pronxxs, -a, -iim 
proper, ldoneiis, -a, -ixm 
property, possessio, -oxxls (f.); our 

pn^operty, nostra, -orum (n. pi.) 



106 — 



the property of others, Sllena, -oruro, 
(n. pi.); one's property, sua, -o- 
ruru 
Proserpine, Proserpina, -ae (f.) 
prosperity, res secundae (f. pi.) 
to protect, tueor, -eri 
a protector, patroniis, -i (m.); pStro- 
na,-ae (f.); custos,-o<lIs(m.&i\) 
proud, superbu.s, -a. -u.ru 
a proverb, proverbruro. -i (n.) 
to provide, comparo, -are 
provided, dum, dummodo, si modo 
providence, providentia, -ae (f.) 
a province, provincia, -ae (f.) 
to provoke, lacesso, -erS, -IvI, 

-Itu.ru 
prudence, prudentia, -ae (f.) 
prudent, priidens, -tls 
Prusias, Prusias, -ae (m.) 
public opinion, fama, -ae (f.) 
Publius, Publrus, -I (m.) 
Punic, Punicus, -a, -u.m 
to punish, mulcto, -are 
punishment, poena, -ae (f.); supplicT- 

-u.ro., -i (n.) 
a pupil, discTpiilu.s, -I (m.) 
to purchase, emo, -ere, -emi, emp- 

turo 
pure, purus, -a, -iiru 
on purpose, de indnstria, consulto 
a pursuit, studia, -oruro (n. pi.) 
to put, pono,-ere, posu.1, posItu.ru; 
to put to flight, in fngam verter^e (ver- 
ti, veisu.ro); to put an end to, flnio, 
-Ire; to.put off, differo, -re, distu.- 
II, dilatu.ro; to put under, suppo- 
no,-§re, supposu.1, suppositum 
a pyramid, pyramis, -IcLIs (f.) 
Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus, -I (m.) 
Pythagoras, Pythagoras, -ae (m.) 
a Pythagorean, Pythagoreus, -I (in.) 
Pythian, Pytlmis, -a, -tiro 

a quadruped, quadrvipes, -ecLIs (m.) 
a quaestor, quaestor, -oris (m.) 
a quail, coturnlx:, -leis (f.) 
good qualities, bona, -oruro (n. pi.) 
a great quantity, vis, - (m.) 
quarrelsome, jurgfosus, -a, -tiro 



from evei*y quarter, undique' 

the question is, quaeritur 

to question, interrogo, -are 

quickly, celeriter 

quicksilver, argentum vivum (n.) 

quite, plane 

XI. 

a rabbit, cunlciilu.s, -I (m.) 

a race, genus, -errs (n.); the human 
race at large, hommum genus univer- 
sura 

a race {course), stadiu.ro, -I (n.) 

to rack, vexo, -are 

rain, pluvia, -ae (f.) 

a rainbow, arcu.s caelestrs (-us, -) 

to raise (an army), comparo, -are 

a rampart, vallu.ro, -I (n.) 

rank, ordo, -irils (m.) 

rarely, raro 

rather, potms, magis 

a raven, corvu\s. -I (m.) 

a ray, radius, -I (m.) 

to reach, pervenio, -Ire, pervenl, per- 
ventu.ro 

to read, le<io, -ex*e, legl, lecturo 

readily, facile 

ready, para t us, -a, -u.ro 

real, verus, -a, -iiio. 

reality, res vera 

reason, ratio, -onis (f.); for the rea- 
son, ideo; for this very reason, prop- 
ter id ipsum; for no other reason, nul- 
la alia de causa 

a rebuke, admonitio, -onis (f.) 

to recall, revoco. -are 

to receive, accipro, -ere, accepl, ac- 
cepturo 

to reckon, numero, -are 

to recognize, cognosco. -ere, cogno- 
Vi, cognituro; (Deum) antmad- 
vei to, -ere, animadvertl, animad- 
versuro 

to recollect, remlniscor, -I, (no pert.) 

recollection, recordatio, -oriis (f.) 

to recommend, commendo, -are; sna- 
deo, -ere, suasl, suasum 

a recommendation, commendatio, 
-oiris (f.) 

a recompense, merces,-edLIs (f.) 



— 107 — 



to recover, recupero, -arS; {from dis- 
ease) convalesco, -ere, convaliii, 

convalitilirL 
recovery, sanitas, -atis (f.) 
recreation, recreatio, -orils (f.) 
red, rubei^, -ink,, -rilin. 
to redeem, redimo, -ere, redemi, re- 

demptrCLm 
a reed-pen, calamiis,-i (m.) 
to reflect (an image), reddo, -er6, 

-IcXi, -ltHm 
reflection, ratio, -onis (f.) 
a refuge, reffigixliii, -i (n.) 
to refuse, rSciUo, -are 
regard, cfira, -ae (f.) 
to regard, existlmo, -are 
a region, regio, -orils (f. ) 
to regulate, mdderor, -ari 
to rehearse, commemoro, -ar6 
to reign, regno, -are 
to rejoice, gaudeo. -ere, gavisils 

sum; laetoi\ -ari 
to relate, nario, -are 
a relative, propinquxis, -I (m.) 
to release, llbero, -are 
religion, reTfaTo, -onis (f.) 
relying, fretiis. -a, -rim 
to remain. maneo,-ere, mansi, man- 

sUm. 
a remedy, remgdium, -I (n.) 
to remember, record or, -ari: rerai- 

niscor,-I,(no perf.): memi il.-Isse 
remembrance, memona. -ae (f.); re- 

cordatio. -orils (f.) 
to remind, moD^6 r ere; comnioneo, 

-ere; admoneo. -ere: commone- 

faclo, -ei^e. -feci, -factiim. 
to remove, migro, -are 
Bemns. Remiis, -i (m.) 
to render service, munus afferre (attulT, 

allatum) 
renowned, praeelariis. -a, -iim 
to repair, refTcio, -ere, refeci. refec- 

tum 
it repents, paenitet:, -erS. -iilt; 
to reply, respond eo. -ere, responsi, 

responsilm. 
a reproach, opprobrixim, -I (n.) 
a repulse, depulsio, -onis (f.) 
reputation and. credit, fama et fides 



to request, rogo, -are 

at the request, rogatii 

to require, desidero, -are; postulo, 
-are; indigeo, -ere, -ill, (no 
sup.) 

resemblance, similltudo, -Inis (f.) 

respect,- veneratTo, -oixis (f.); to pay 
one's respects, saluto, -are; mutual 
respect, verecundia, -ae (f.) 

to respect, colo, -ere, colvii, cul- 
trixm 

respecting, de (w. abl.) 

the rest, ceteri, -ae, -a 

to rest, qulesco, -ere, -quievi, qui- 
etxliri; to rest on, nitor,-i, nixUs 
sum 

to restore, reparo.-are; reddo,-£re\ 
-Icli, -ItHm: restituo, -Sr§, re- 
stitul, restTtutxiixi.; reficio,-«5re, 
refeci, rSfectiim 

to restrain, arc<*o, -ere; cohibeo, 
-ere; prohibeo, -ere 

to retain, servo, -are 

to retreat, se recTpio, -6re, recepi, 
receptiiiii 

to return, revertor.-i.reverti (active); 
redeo. -ire. -ii, -Itum; recur - 
ro, -Sre, recnrri, recursiim; red- 
do, -ere, -Icli, -ItHm: to re- 
turn thanks, gratias agere (egi, ac- 
tUm.) 

to reveal, indico, -are; to reveal one's 
sef, detegi, detectiis siim 

to reverence, revereor, -eri 

a revolution, res novae (f. pi.); of hea- 
venly bodies) rnotiis. -Us 

to revolve, se convertere (convert!, 
conversHm) 

a reward, merces, -edis (f.); prae- 
miiiiiiL, -i (n.) 

the Rhine, Rheniis, -i (m.) 

a rhinoceros, rhinoceros, -otis 
(m.) 

the Rhone, Rhodaniis, -i (m.) 

rich, dives. -itis 

riches, divitiae, -ariini (f. pi.) 

to ride, equitd, -are: to ride a horse, 
equo vehi (veetriis snm) 

right (subst.). fas (indecl.); jus, juris 
(n.): it is right, fas est 



— 108 



right (adject.), opposite to left, dexter, 
-ra, -rum; (adverb), recte; to do 
right, recte facere; at the right time, 
suo tempore 

rightly, jure, recte 

to ripen, maturesco, -^r§, maturili, 
(no sup.) 

to rise, surgo, -Sr<$, surrex:!, surrec- 
tilm; orior, -iri, ortus siim 

a risk, perlculiim, -i (n.) 

a river, flumen,-mis (n.); fltivius, 
-1 (m.); amnis,- (m.) 

a road, via, -ae (f.) 

to roar, rugio, -ire 

to rob, spolio, -ar§ 

arock, riipes-Is (f.); saxilm,-i (n.) 

a rod, virga, -ae (f.) 

Roman, Romanils, -a, -iim 

Borne, Roma, -ae (f.) 

Romulus, Romulus, -I (m.) 

a roof, tectum., -I (n.) 

roomy, amplils, -a, -iim 

a root, radix:, -ieis (f.); stirps, -Is 
(f.) 

Roscius, Roscrus, -i (m.) 

a rose, rosa, -ae (f.) 

round (of the earth), globosiis, -a, 
-iim 

to rout, fundo, -ei*e, fudi, fusiim. 

a route, via, -ae (f.) 

to rove about, erro, -are 

ruin, pernicies, -el (f.) 

to ruin, perdo, -ere, -Idi, -Itilm 

rule, im per rum., -i (n.); rules for act- 
ing, praecepta agendl 

to rule, rego, -ere, res:I, rectHm 

rumor, fama, -ae (f. ) 

to run, curro, -ere, ciicurri. cur- 
sum; to run away, aufugio,-ere\ 
aufugi, (no snp.) 

to rush, irruo, -ere, -I, (no sup.) 

Sabine, Sablniis, -a, -iim 

sacred, sacgr,-ra-rum; sanctHs, 

-a, -iim 
a sacrifice, Baonficium, -I (n.) 
sad, tristis, -e" 
safe, tutus, -a, -um; salviis, -a, 

-Um 



safety, s51"us, -litis (f.) 

sagacious, sagazx:, -acis 

Saguntine, Saguntlnils, -a, -iim 

Saguntum, Saguntiim, -i (n.) 

a sail, velUm, -i (n.); navis, - (f.) 

to sail, navigo, -are 

a sailing , navigatio, -5nis (f.) 

for the sake of, causa, gratia (w. gen.) 

Salamis, Salamis, -irals (f.) 

salubrious, saluber, -ris, -re 

salutary, salutaris, -e 

to salute, saluto, -are 

the same, idem, eadem, idem 

to sanction, sancio, -Ire\ sanxi, 

saneitilm 
a Sardiniin, Sardiis, -i (m.) 
to satisfy, satio, -are 
Saturn, Saturnils, -i (m.); the planet 

Saturn, Saturni stella 
to save, servo, -are; libero, -are 
to say, dico, -ere, dixl, dictum 
a saying, dictum, -i (n.) 
the scale (of a fish), squama, -ae (f.) 
scanty, exiguiis, -a, -iim 
a scar, cicatrix:, -icis (f.) 
scarcely, vix 

scarceness, raritas, -atis (f.) 
scarcity, penuria, -ae (f.) 
a scholar, diseipuliis, -i (m.) 
a school, schola, -ae 
Scipio, Sclpio, -oiiis (m.) 
a scourge, flagelliim., -i (n.) 
to scourge, flagellls caedere (cecldi, 

caesura) 
to scrape together, corrado, -ei»€, cor- 

rasi, corrasuxiiL 
a Scythian, Scytlia, -ae (m.) 
the sea, mare, -is (n.); over the sea, 

maritlmiis, -a, -um 
the season, temptis anni 
the second, seVundiis, -a« -iim.; al- 
ter, -a, -um; a second time, lteriim 
secret, 0Ci-ult\is, -a, -iim 
secure, tutus, -a, -um 
to secure, eff icio, -ere, effeci, effec- 

ttLm 
sedition, seditio, -onis (f.) 
to see, video, -ere, vidi, visum 
to seek, peto, -er6, -Ivi, -itilm; 

appeto, -ere, -Ivi, -itilm 



— 109 — 



to seem, vid&or, -erl, vlsiis sum 
to seize, capio, -6re, cepi, cap turn 
seldom, raro 
to sell, vendo, -ere, -idi, -itiim 

Semiramis, SeinTramis, -icLis (f.) 

the senate, senatiis, -lis (m.) 

to send, mitto, -ere, mlsi, niissiim; 

to send back, remitto, -ere, remisi, 

remissiim 
a sense, sens lis, -vis (m.) 
sensible, piTidens, -tis 
a sentence, sententia, -ae (f.) 
to separate, separo, -ar&; dlvido, 

-ere, dlvisi, dlvlsiim 
serene, sereniis, -a, -iim 
serious, seniis, -a, -iim 
seriously, graviter 
a serpent, serpens, -tis (m.) 
a servant, FervtLs, -i (m.) 
a service, utiSTtas, -atis (f.); to sub- 
mit to the service, utilitatT parere; 

muniis, -eris (11.); to render ser- 
vice, mfinus afferre 
to set (of the sun) occido, -ere. occi- 

di,occasum: to set out, prof Tciscor, 

-i, profectiis sum 
a settlement, sedes, -is (f.) 
seven, septem 
several, pi fires, -a 
severe, severfus, -a, -um; gravis, -e 
Severus, Severiis, -i (m ) 
shabby, sordidiis, -a -um 
a shade, a shadrnv, umbra, -ae 
shame, dedeciis, -oris (n.) 
shameful, turpis, -e; a shameful deed, 

flagitiiim, -i (n.) 
a share, portio, -5nis (f.) 
to share, partior, -iri 
sharp, acer, -ris, -re 
to sharpen, acuo, -ere. acui, acii- 

tiim 
to shave, tondeo, -ere\ totondi, 

tonsiim 
to shear. tond<So,-ere. totondi, ton 

sum 
to shed, profnndo, -er§, proffidi, pro- 

f u sum 
a sheep, ovis. - (f.) 
to shelter, tego, -ere. teisci, tectum 
a shepherd, pastor, -oris (m.) 



a shield, clipeus, -i (m.) 

to shine, luc£o,-ere\ luzsti, (no sup.) 

a ship, navis, - (f.) 

a shore, Htus, -oris (n.); or a, -ae 

(f.) 
short, b re vis, -^ 
a show, species, -ei (f.) 
to shoiv, monstro, -arS; ostendo, 

-gre, ostendi, ostensum; to show 

one's self, se praebere; se praesta- 

re (praestiti, no sup.) 
to shudder at, horrSo, -er6, -ui, no 

sup. 
to shun, fugio, -erS, fugi, no sup. 
to shut, claudo, -ere, clausi, clau- 

siim 
sick, aegSr, -ra, rum; a sick per- 
son, homo aeger 
sickness, morbus, -i (m.) 
a side (of a pyramid), latus, -eris 

(n.), pars,-tis (£); on the other side 

of, ultra (w. ace); on this side, cis, 

citra (w. ace.) 
sight, conspectus, -us (m.) 
a signal, signum, -i (n.) 
to be silent, taceo, -erS 
silly, rldiculus, -a, -iim 
silver, ar«rentiim, -i (n.) 
similar, sTmilis, -e 
simple, simplex:, -icis 
to sin, pec co, -are 
since, cum, quoniam, quandoquidem 
sincere, sincerus, -a. -um. 
to sing, canto, -are; cano, -SrS, 

cecini, cantiim 
single, singuli, -ae, -a 
a sister, soror,-oris (f.) 
to sit, sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum 
situate, situated, situs, -a, -iim; col- 

locatus, -a, -iim 
situation, situs, -us (m.) 
sixty, sexasinta 
size, magnitudo, -inis (f.) 
skill, solertia, -ae (f.) 
skilled, perltiis, -a. -iim 
skillful, perltiis, -a, -iim 
a skin, pellis, - (f.) 
to skin, deglubo, -er§, deglupsi, de- 

gluptiim 
the sky, the open sky, caelum, -i (n.) 



110 — 



a slave, serviis, -1 (m.); to be a slave, 
servio, -Ire 

slavery, servitiis, -litis (f.) 

to slay, trucido, -are; neeo, -are; 
occido, -ere, occldi, occisiim 

sleep, somuiis, -I (m.) 

to sleep, dormlo, -Ire 

slender, tenuis, -e 

to slip, elabor, -I, elapsiis sura 

small, parviis, -a, -CLm; smaller, mi- 
nor, -lis 

smart, callidiis, -a, -iim 

smell, odor, -oris (m.) 

smoke, iumiis, -I (m.) 

snake, anguls, - (m.) 

to snatch away, eripio, -ere, eripiii, 
ereptiim 

snow, nix, nivis (f.) 

so, tarn, ita, sic; so much, adeo; so much 
as, tain . . quSm 

sober, sobriiis -a, -ilm 

Socrates, Soera es, -Is (m.) 

soft, mollis, -e 

the soil, soliim, -I (n.) 

a soldier, miles, -Itis (m.); afoot- 
soldier, pedes, -Itis (ra.); a horse- 
soldier, 'eques, -Itis (m.) 

solitude, solitudo, -Inls (f.) 

Solomon, Salomon, -onis (m.) 

Solon, Solon, -onis (in.) 

some, nonnulli, -ae -a,; aliquot; some 
. .others, alii, .alii; at some time, ali- 
quando 

something, quiddam 

sometime, aliquando 

sometimes, nonnumquam, interdum 

somewhere else, alicub! 

a son, filiiis, -I (m.) 

a song, cantiis, -lis (m.) 

Sophocles, Sophocles, -Is (m.) 

sorrow, doloi*, -oris (m.); it causes 
sorrow, paenltet, -ere, -iilt 

to be sorry, paenitet, -ere, -iilt; 

of what sort, quails, -e 

the soul, aniniiis, -I (m.) 

sound, saniis, -a, -ilm 

a source, fons,-tis (m.); orlgo,-lnls 

(f.) 
space, spatiiim, -i (n.) 
Spain, Hispania, -ae (f.) 



a Spaniard, Spanish, Hispaniir 

-iim 
to spare, parco,-ere, p<$percl, (nc 

sup.); tempero, -are (alicui) 
a Spartan, Spartaniis, -I (m.) 
to speak, loquor, -i, locutiis sum; 

dlco, -ere, dixi, dictiim 
a speech, oratio, -onis (f.); voces, 

-iim (f. pi.) 
to spend (winter, summer), ago, -ere\ 

eg!, actiim 
a spider, aranea, -ae (f.) 
the spirit, anlmiis, -I (m.) 
splendid, splendid iis, -a, -iim; mag- 

nificiis, -a, -iim 
splendor, splendor, -oris (m.) 
to spread abroad, dlvulgo, -arS 
spiking, ver,-Is (n.) 
to spring, orlor v -irl, ortus sum 
to spur on, incito, -are 
to stab, transfigo, -er<5, transfix:! 

transfix: iim 
stability, stabilitas, -atis (f.) 
a stage-player, sceniciis, -i (m.) 
to stain, imbiio, -ere, imbul, imbu- 

tiim 
to stamp, imprimo, -ere, impress!, 

impressiim . 
to stand, sto, -are, stetl, statiim; 

consisto, -ere, constitl, (no sup.); 

to stand, around, eircumsto, -are, 

circumsteti, (no sup.) 
a star, stella, -ae (f.) 
a starling, sturniis, -i (m.) 
a state, res publica (-el -ae); clvi- 

tas, -atis (f.) 
to state (one's opinion), dlco, -erS, 

dixi, dictiim 
stature, statura, -ae (f.); low stature, 

b re vitas, -atis (f.) 
to stay, maneo, -ere, mans!,-su.m 
to steal, furor, -ari 
a steed, eqniis, -I (m.) 
stiff, rigid iis, -a, -iim 
still, tamen, adhflc, (before a comparat.) 

etiam 
a stilus, stlliis, -I (m.) 
to sting, pungo, -ere, p-iipugi, punc- 

tiim 
stock, copia, -ae (f.) 



— Ill — 






the stomach, stomach Us, -i (m.) 

a stone, lapis, -xclxs; hewn stone, sax- 

um quadrature 
a stork, ciconTa, -ae (f.) 
a storm, tempestas, -atxs (f.) 
to storm, vi expugno, -are 
stormy weather, tempestas, -atxs (f.) 
a story, liistorla, -ae (f.); there is a 

story, faraa est 
stout, robustxis, -a, -um 
straight, rectxis, -a, -\xxix 
strength, vires, -iiim (f. pi.); robxir, 

-oris (n.) 
stricken in, confectixs. -a, -Um 
to strike (by lightning) tango, -ex*e\ 

tetigi, taetixxix; to strike into, inji- 

cxo, -ere, injeci, injectxiixx 
to strip, nudo, -ar<5; spolTo, -are 
to strive, contendo, -ere, contend!, 

contentHm [txlixx 

to strive for, peto. -ere, -xvx, -x- 
a stroke, ictus, -Us (m.) 
-strong, validxis, -a, -ixixx; (desire) 

magnxis, -a, -uni; .so strong, tan- 
tils, -a, -iixix 
to study, studeo, -ere, -xlx.(no sup.) 
stuffed, refertils, -a, -xxixx 
to style, appello, -ax-*© 
to subdue, subigo. -ere. subegx, stib- 

a ctiliix; stipero, -are; to subdue 

in war, bello domare (-xxx, 

-xtxtiix ) 
subject, obnoxiixs. -a. -um 
to subject, subjicio, -ere, subjecx, 

subjectixxix 
to subjugate, do mo, -are, -Hi, 

-xtxiixx 
to submit (to tlie service), |iareo,-ere 
a successor, successor, -oris (m.) 
such', tantxxs, -a, -xinx 
to suck, Hugo, -ex*e\ suxi, suctxixrx 
to sue (for peace), peto, -ere, -xvi, 

-xtvliix (pacem) 
the Suebi, Suebx, -orixixx (m. pi.) 
to suffer, patiox*, -i. pa^sxis sum; 

sino, -ere, srvi, sitxiiix: to suffer 

patiently, perpetiox^, -x, perpessils 

sum 
not to be sufficient, deficio, -£re\ de- 

fecl, defectxiixx 



sufficiently, sat, satis 

suitable, opportunxis, -&, -ixixx 

suited, aptiis, -a, -ixxxx; Tdoneils, 

-a, -Hiix 
Sulla, Sulla, -ae (m.) 
a sum of money, p&cunla, -ae (f.) 
the summer, aestas, -atis (f.) 
summertime, tempus aestivum 
to summon, arcesso, -ere\ -ivi, 

xtilixx 
sumptuous, lauttxs, -a, -xxxix 
superior, superior, -us 
superstition, superstitio, -oixis (f.) 
sure, certixs, -a, -xixix 
a surname, cognomen, -inis (n.) 
to surname, cognomine appellare 



to surrender, trado, 



-ere, -id.x, 



-xtuxix 

to surround, circumdo, -ar6, -Sdi, 

atxiixx 
Susa, Susa, -ox^uixx (n. pi.) 
suspected, suspectxis, -a, -ixixx 
a swallow, hirundo, -iixis (f.) 
a swan, cygnxis, -i (m.) 
sweet, dulcis, -e 
to swell, mtumesco, -Sx*S, intumixx, 

no sup. 
swiftness, celeritas. -atis (f.) 
to swim, nato, -ax»<5 
a swine, sus, suis (f.) 
a sword, gladixis, -x (m.); ferruixx, 

-x; toithfire and sword, ferro ignlque 
Syracuse, Syracusae, -axniixi (f.) 
Syria, Syria., -ae (f.) 

T. 

a table, tabula, -ae (f.) 

Tacitus, Tacitxxs, -x (m.) 

a tail, cauda, -ae (f.) 

to take, capxo , -«5re\ cepi, captixiix; 
to take from, abduco, -^rS, ab- 
duxx, abductxxxrx; to take away, 
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatxiixi; 
ertpio, -ere, enpux, ereptxiixx; 
adimo, -&x»S,-ademi, ademptxxxxx; 
to take care, euro, -are; to take too 
little pains, par urn laboro, -ar§; to 
take in marriage, in matrlmonium du- 
cere (duxx, ductHnx); to take 
prisoner, capio, -Sre\ cepi, cap- 



112 — 



tiim.; to take in sail, vela contrahS- 
r6 (contrazxix, contractxiixx); to 
take the side of, partes sequx (secu- 
triis sum);.'to take a walk, ambulo, 
-are 

talent, ingenixim, -i (n.) 

a talk, sermo, -onis (m.) 

tall, altixs, -a, -iim; excelsxxs, -a, 
-iim; procerus, -a, -iim 

to tame, domo, -are, -xix, -xtixxix 

Tarquin, Tarqumixis, -I (m.) 

Tarraco, Tarraco, -oixxs (f.) 

Tarsus, Tarsxis, -i (f.) 

to taste, gusto, -are 

to teach, doceo, -ere, docxix, doc- 
txiixx 

a teacher, magistex*, -ri (m.) 

a tear, lacrima, -ae (f.) 

tedious, longxxs, -a, -iim. 

tedium, taeditim, -i (n.) 

to tell, narro, -ax*e; dico, -ere, 
dizxix, dictHm; to tell a lie, mentx- 
or, -Irl 

atemple, templiim., -i (n.) 

the temples, tempora, -iim. (n. pi.) 

ten, decern 

tender, tener, -a, -iim. 

the tenth, decimiis, -a, -iim. 

a territory, fines, -iiim (n. pi.) 

terror, terror, -oris (m.) 

to testify, testor. -axri 

testimony, testmioiilxxixx, -i (n.) 

than, quam 

thankful, gratiis, -a, -iim. 

thanks, gratiae, -ax*iim (f. p.) 

that (demoxistr.) is, ea, id; that (con- 
junct.) ut. quo, quod; that not, ne, 
quln, quomlnus 

a thatched roof ', culmiis,-x (m.) 

the. .the, quo. .eo; quanto. .tanto 

aTheban, Thebanxis, -i (m.) 

Thebes, Thebae, -ariim (f. pi.) 

Themistocles, Themistocles, -is (m.) 

thence, inde 

there, lbi; there is, est 

therefore, idcirco, lgitur, itaque 

Thermopylae, Thermopylae, -ariim, 
(f. PL) 

thick, crassiis, -a, -iim 

a thief, fur, -is (m.) 



thin, tenuis, -<$ 

a thing, res, rel (f.) 

to think, cogito, -are; oplnor, -arx; 

to think nothing of, nihill ducere" 

(duxx, ductxxixx) 
thirsty sitis, -(f) 
to thirst for, sitxo, -xx^e 
thirsty, sitiens, -txs; to be thirsty, si- 
tio, -ire 
thirty, triginta 
this, hie, haec, hoc 
though, tit, licet, cum, etsi 
a thousand, mille (n.); a thousand times, 

millies 
to threaten, minor, -arx 
three, tres; three hundred, trecentx, -ae, 

-a; a space of three years, tiienni- 

ixm,-x 
a threshold, Hmexx, -ixxis (n.) 
to thrive, provenio, -xx*e, provenx, pro- 

ventrum; vig«5o, -ere, no perf. & 

sup. 
the throat, faux:, -cis (f.) 
a throne, regnxim, -x (n.) 
through, per (w. ace.) 
to throw (into prison), conjicio,-ere, 

conjecx, coirjectrixm. 
thunder, tonitrix, -xxs (n.) 
to thunder, tono, -are, -xix, -xtiiixx 
Tiberias, Tiber liis, -x (m.) 
a tiger, tigris, - (f.) 
to till (the field), colo, -ere\ colitx, 

cultxim. 
time, tempxis, -oris (n.); informer 

times, olim; a second time, iter iim; in 

our fathers' time, apud majores no- 

stros; at the time when, turn cum; I 

have no time, otiumnon est 
timid, timidxis, -a, -iim 
Timoleon, TTmoieoxx, -oxxtis (m.) 
it tires, taedet,-ere, pertaesxixix est 
Titus, Titxis, -x (m.) 
to, ad, in (w. ace) 
to-day, ho die 
together, simul 
toil, labor, -oris (m.) 
a tomb, sepulcrxiixx, -x (n.) 
the tongue, lingua, -ae (f.) 
too, quoque, etiam; too {great or much), 

nlmis 



113 



the top of a mountain, summus inons 

torture, cruciatiis, -lis (m.) 

to torture, crucTo, -are 

toward, erga, in (w. ace); toward the 

east, orie ntem versus; toward winter, 

sub hiemem 
a town, oppidiim, -I (n.) 
a toicnsman, oppidaniis, -x (m.) 
the trade-winds, etesiae, -ax^iim (f. 

pi.) 
Trajan, Trajanus, -I (m.) 
tranquil, tranquilliis, -a, -iim 
to transact, ago, -ere, eg!, actum 
Transalpine, Transalpiniis, -a, -iim 
to travel, proficiscor, -i, profectiis 

sum 
traveling, itinera, -iim (n. pi.) 
treachery, proditio, -onis (f.); insi- 

diae, -arum (f. pi.) 
a treasury, thesaurus. -I (m.) 
to treat, tracto, -are; = to heal, me- 

d€or, -eri, no perf. 
a treaty, foe d us, -eris (n.) 
a tree, arbor, -oris (f.) 
a trench, fossa, -ae (f.) 
a trial for life, judicium capitis 
a tribe, gens,-tls (f.) 
a tribune, tribimiis, -i (m.) 
tried, expertiis, -a, -iim 
a triumph, triumplrus, -i (m.) 
to triumph, triumpbo. -are 
Ti*ojan, Trojaniis, -a, -iim 
trouble, molestia, -ae (f.); incommo- 

dunx, -i (n.) 
troublesome, molestiis, -a, -iim 
Troy, Troja, -ae (f.) 
true, veriis, -a, -iim 
truly, vere, vero 
a trumpet, tuba, -ae (f.) 
the trunk {of a tree), tr uncus, -i (m.); 

{of an elephant) , proboscis, -xdxs 

(f.) 
to trust, fldo, -er§, flsus sum; con- 

fido, -er^, confisus sum; com- 

mitto, -ere, eommisi, commis- 

siim 
truth, Veritas, -atis (f.) 
to try, conor, -arl; experxor, -xx*x, 

expertiis sum; to try {one's luck) 

penclitor,-ari 



Tullus Hostilius, Tulliis Hostlliiis (-i 

-i) (m.) 
to turn out, evado, -ere, evasx, eva- 

siim 
a Tusculan farm, Tusculanixxxx, -x 

(n.) 
a tusk, dens, -txs (m.) 
twenty, vigintl 
twice, bis 
a tyrant, tyrannixs, -i (m.) 



XJ. 



unable to control, impotens, -txs 
unaccustomed, insuetiis, -a, -iiixx 
unanimous, unanimus, -a, -iixxx; the 

unanimous decision of the judges, om- 
nium judicum sententia 
it is unbecoming, dedecet, -ere, de- 

deciiit 
uncertain, incertus, -a, -iim 
an uncle, avunculus, -x (m.) 
uncommon, iniisitatiis, -a, -iiixx 
under, infra (w. ace); subter (w. ace); 

sub (w. ace or abl.) 
to undergo, siibeo, -xx^e^ -xx, 

-xtuux 
to understand, intellego, -er§, intel- 

lezxii, intellectiim; one who does not 

understand, imperltiis, -a, -iim 
to undertake, suscipio, -erS, sus- 

cepi, suscepxrum 
unfavorable, ad versus, -a, -iim 
unfortunate, infelix:, -xcxs 
ungrateful, ingratiis, -a, -um 
unhappy, infelix:, xcxs 
a unicorn, monoceros, -otis (m.) 
to unite, conjungo, -erS, conjunxx, 

conjunctiim 
the universe, mundiis, -i (m.) 
unjust, injustixs, -a, -iim 
unjustly, immerito, injuria 
unless, nisi 

unlike, dissimilxs, -e* 
unquestionably, facile 
unsatisfied, inlquiis, -a, -iim 
unshaved, intonsiis, a, -um 
unto, erga (w. ace) 
unworthy, indigniis, -a, -iim 
up to, tenus (w. abl.); usque £d (w. 

ace) 



— 114 



upon, in (w. ace or abl.); super (w. 

ace.) 
upper, superior, -lis 
upright, probiis, -a, -iim 
use, usiis,-"u.s (m.); utilitas,-atis 

(f.) 
to i(se,utoi',-I,risiis stim; = to be wont 

soleo, -er^, solittis sum; to use 

care, curam adhibere 
useful, utilis, -e; to be useful, prosum, 

prodesse, prof ul 
usually, to be translated by soleo, 

-ere, solltiis sum, I am wont 
Utica, UticSL, -ae (f.) 
utility, utilitas, -a tis (f.) 
utmost, summiis, -a, -iim. 
utterly, pessime 

V. 

in vain, vainly, frustra 

Valerius, Valeriiis, -i (m.) 

valor, virtiis, -Htls (f.) 

to value, aestlmo, -are; highly, mag- 

ni; very highly, plurimi 
to vanquish, vinco, -ere, vlcl, vic- 

tiiixi. 
vapor, vapor, -oris (m.) 
variety, varietas, -alls (f. ) 
various, variiis, -a. -iim. 
to vary, vario, -are 
vast, ingers, -tis 
Veii, Yeii,-or\ini (m. pi.); the people 

ofVeii, Veientes, -Iu.ro. (m. pi.) 
Venice, Veneiiae, -ainim (f. pi.) 
Venus, Veniis, -eris (f.) 
Verres, Yerres, -Is (m.) 
a verse, versiis, -iis (m.) 
very, valde; ipse, -a, -iim; not very, 

parum 
Vespasian, YespasTaniis, -I (m.) 
a vessel, vas, -Is (n.), pi. vasa, 

-oriim 
Vesuvius, Vesuviiis, -i (m.) 
a vice, vitliim, -i (n.) 
victorious, victor, -oris (m.); vic- 

trix:, -leis (f.) 
a victory, victoria, -ae (f.) 
to view, specto, -are 
vigilance, vigdantia, -ae (f.) 
a village, viciis, -I (m.) 



a vine, vitls, - (f.) 

to violate, violo, -arS; laedo, -ex*e\ 
laesi, laesiim 

violence, vis, - (f.) 

violent, vehemens, -tis; violent death, 
nezsc, -els (f.) 

Virgil, VergilTiis, -i (m.) 

virtue, virtiis, -iitls (f.) 

virtuous, probtis, -a, -iim; virtuous- 
ly, cum virttite 

to visit, visito, -are 

a voice, vox, vocis (f.) 

void, manis, -e; vacuiis, -a, -iim; 
to be void of, vaeo, -are 

Vulcan, Yulcaniis, -i (m.) 

w. 

a wagon, plaustriim, -I (n.) 

to wait for, exspedo, -are 

a waiting-maid, pedisequa, -ae (f.) 

to wake, vigiio, -are 

wakefulness, vigil an tia, -ae (f.) 

to (take a) walk, ambtilo, -are 

a walk, ambiilatio, -oxils (f.) 

a wall, murtis, -i (n.) 

to wander over, peragro, -are 

wandering, errans, -tis 

want, tnopia, -ae (f.) 

to want, volo, veile, voltii; desidero, 

-are 
war, belliim, -I (n.) 
to ward off, repello, -er<5, repuli, re- 

pulsiim 
ware, merx, -cis (f.) 
warfare, belliim, -i (n.) 
warlike, bellicostis, -a,-iim; ferozx:, 

-oeis 
warm, calidvis, -a, -tiro. 
to warn, moneo, -ere 
a warning, admonitio, -onls (f.) .-, 
to watch, custodio, -xx^e 
a ivatchman, custos, -ocLIs (m.); 

specula tor, -oris (m.) 
water, aqua, -ae (f.) 
a way, modtls, -I (m.); in every way, 

omni ratione; in the same way, eadem 

via 
iceak, ,debilis, -e 
wealth, opes, -iim (f. pi.) 
wealthy, opiilentiis, -a, -iim 



— 115 — 



weapons, arma, -orixixx (n. pi.) 

to wear (skins), utor, -x, fisus sum 

(pellTbus) 
it wearies, taedet, -ere, pertaestixxx 

est 
weary, fesstis, -a, -tiixx 
to weave, texo, -Sre, -til, -ttixxx 
a weed, herba, -ae (f.) 
weight, pondtis, -erxs (n.); moles, 

-is (f.) 
welcome, jiicundtls, -a, -tiixx 
welfare, salixs, -litis (£) 
a well, puteils, -i (m.) 
well, bene; to be well, valeo, -erS 
the west, occidens,-tis; occastis,-xis 

(m.) 
whatever, quidquTd 
when, si, cum, quando 
inhere, tibi 
whether, -ne, num, utrum; whether. .01% 

utrum. .an; slve. .sive 
which, qui, quae, quod 
while, whilst, dum 
white, albtis^ -a, -tinx 
who, qui, quae, quod; quis, quid 
whole, tottxs, -a, -tiixi; the whole 

world, orb is terra rum 
wholesome, saliiber, -ris, -x*e; salu- 

taris, -e 
wholly, prorsus 
why ? cur, quare, quid ? 
wicked, improblis,-a, -tiixx; pravtis, 

-a, -tinx 
a wife, conjix:x:,-tigIs; uxor,-oris 

(f.) 
the will, good will, voluntas, -atls 

(f.); against one's will, invitHs, -a, 

-tiixx; a will, testamenttiiii, -I 

(n.) 
willing(ly), libens, libenter 
to be vrilling,vo\<>, veiled voltii; to be 

more willing, malo, mall<$, nialixi 
wily, cauttis, -a, -tinx 
to win, sibi concilio, -ar&; to win 

upon, blandior, -iri 
a window, fenestra, -ae (f.) 
wine, vlntinx, -1 (n.) 
a wing, ala, -ae (f.); wings, pennae, 

-arum (f. pi.) 
winter, hiems, -Is (f.) 



wisdom, sapientia, -ae (f.) 

wise, sapiens, -tis 

wisely, sapienter 

a wish, voluntas, -atls (f.) 

to wish for. volo, velle, voltii 

wit, ingenilxm, -I (n.) 

with, cum (w. abl.), apud (w. acc.)j 

within, intra (w. ace.) 

without, sine (w. abl.); extra (w. ace); 

to be or do icithout, car&o, -er§ 
a witness, testis, - (m. & f.) 
a wolf, lupHs, -I (m.) 
a woman, mulier, -Is (f.); femina, 

-ae (f.) 
to. wonder at, mlror, -ari; admlror, 

-ari 
wonderrful, mirabilis, -e" 
to be wont, solSo, -erS, solittis 

sum; consuevi, -isse 
a wood, silva,-ae (f.); woods, saltHs, 

-Us (m.) 
a word, verbiim, -i (n.) 
to work, laboro, -are 
the world, mundHs, -I (m.); wherein 

the ivorld, ubi terrarum 
a worm, vermis, - (m.) 
worse, deterior, -tis 
to worship (God), colo, -Sr&, coltii, 

cultu.ni 
worst, deterrimtis, -a, -tinx 
to be tcorth, valeo, -ere; to be worth 

more, pluris esse 
worthy, digntis, -a, -tixxx 
a wound, vulntis, -eris (n.) 
wretched, miser, -a, -tiixx 
to write, scribo, -er§, scrips!, scrip- 

ttim; to write on, inscribo, -Sre\, 

inscripsx, inscripttinx 
a writer, scriptox*, -oris (m.); auc- 

tor, -oris 
a wrong, injuria, -ae (f.) 



Xanthippe, Xanthippe, -es (f.) m 
Xenocrates, Xeno crates, -Is (m.) 
Xerxes, Xerxes, -Is (m.) 

Y. 

to yawn, oscito, -ar§ 
a year, anntis, -I (m.) 



— 116 — 



yes, TtS; Tta* est; StlSm 

yesterday , heri 

to yield up, concedo, -&r&, concessl, 

concessiim 
York, Eboraciiiix, -I (n.) 
you, til, vos 
o young (of animals) , pulliis,-! (m.); 

a young man, adulescens, -tls 

(m.) 



your, tiiiis, -5,, -tLm; vest&r, -rS, 

-riim 
youth, adulescens, -tis (m.); juvenxs, 

- (in.) 



Zama, ZamS;, -ae (f.) 
zeal, studiiim, -1 (n.) 
Zopyrus, Zopyriis, -I (m.) 



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